a factor that drives passive transport (charge difference across membrane, inside usually more negative, outside usually more positive) the combined forces of the concentration gradient and membrane potential transport of a substance (protein or molecule) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient requiring the expenditure of energy actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane using shape changes triggered by phosphorylation

1. Membrane Potential

a factor that drives passive transport (charge difference across membrane, inside usually more negative, outside usually more positive)

2. Electrochemical Gradient

the combined forces of the concentration gradient and membrane potential

3. Active Transport

transport of a substance (protein or molecule) across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient requiring the expenditure of energy

4. Sodium Potassium Pump

actively maintains the gradient of sodium ions (Na+) and potassium ions (K+) across the plasma membrane using shape changes triggered by phosphorylation . K+ concentration is low outside the cell and high inside the cell. Na+ concentration is high outside the cell and low inside the cell. the sodium potassium pump maintains these concentration gradients using the energy of one ATP to pump 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in

5. Osmosis

how water moves from high water (low solute) to low water (high solute)

6. Stomach Acid

needed for food digestion (H+ ions)

7. Zantac and Pepcid

acid-blocking drugs that stop the histamine from binding to the enzyme that makes acid

8. Prilosec

a pump-inhibiting drug that stops the H+/K+ ATPase from pumping H+ ions out into the stomach

9. Cystic Fibrosis

genetic disease caused by one gene that causes lung infections
normally, the CFTR pumps Cl- outside of cell and water follows so the mucous layer is hydrated and bacteria can be washed away
in cystic fibrosis, the CFTR pump stays inside the cell so the Cl- stays in and water stays in, the mucous layer is then dehydrated and a biofilm forms

10. Nuclear Localization Signal

a short amino acid sequence that marks a protein for delivery to the nucleus made up of several positively charged lysines/arginines