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Topic: How does the criminal justice system perpetuate economic violence against marginalized communities? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Write an introduction and conclusion section

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Topic: How does the criminal justice system perpetuate economic violence against marginalized communities? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Write an introduction and conclusion section. Your conclusion must include the contributions of your research in the field of law and society.

Answer this question right before your conclusion: how does your chosen methods from Assignment 4(survey design) and Assignment 5 (Secondary Analysis) complement each other?

For example, if you chose interviews and content analysis of newspaper articles, think about how you can benefit from using both methods.

Abstract This research focuses on finding out the way the criminal justice system influences and orchestrates economic violence against marginalized communities. Mainly to figure out how marginalized communities are discriminated against, and the cause of economic inequality. This study also aims at exploring the way marginalized communities are economical oppressed and the way the Criminal Justice is a key player that causes this discrimination. Economic violence is critically assessed to find out the way it is tied up to criminal justice systems and marginalized communities, this is in order to get a clear function of the CJS. How does the criminal justice system perpetuate economic violence against marginalized communities? Economic violence and marginalization are both used as indications of criminals. People in the community are usually divided by the existence of social stratification, which comes into existence in one form or another (Mayeux, 2018). This stratification is brought up by the segmentation of the population and division into groups that depicts subordinates and dominants in the society. The nature of the society therefore creates unequal distribution of duties, privileges, responsibilities, and rights. Marginalized communities are deprived of their influence in the society, their social power, and privation rights. According to the U.S Criminal System, the CJS is known to be a complementary organization, which comprises a number of government-based institutions and agencies that have the mandate to deliver justice to criminals. This organization is supposed to be an independent system away from manipulative influence of politicians or other arms of the government (Wexler, 2018). The Criminal Justice System is a composite of three parts which work together harmoniously in order to maintain the rule of law in a state or government. These parts of the Criminal Justice System include prisons and probationary agencies whose mandates are to supervise and detain offenders, the other part is the courts, and the last are the agencies for law enforcement mainly focused on keeping law and order. This study gives an important and very essential issue, because in the past, there has been little and less extensive research on the matter of the way the criminal justice system influences economic violence in marginalized communities (Richardson, & Crawford, 2019). There is a need for more research so that we can understand the situation, and be able to do economic evaluation of marginalization, and do cross analysis of why the Criminal Justice System does not respond adequately to matter. Criminal Justice Systems have majorly made this state to be more deprived and marginalized communities are obligated to contest with inequalities and hardships (Kurlychek, & Johnson, 2019). This study will try to expound more on the main reason why the Criminal Justice System plays a role in social stratification as well as in social exclusion of marginalized communities that causes economic violence. Scholars term economic violence as the type of violence whereby an individual in a community tries to be more advantaged than another does economically. This happens when the big players in an economy tend to thrive on the suffering of other people in the community. Kurlychek, & Johnson (2019) found that many of these disadvantaged fellows include individuals who are desperate for help by the people in power. Many scholars argue that for many people in marginalized communities, or rather individuals who are victims of social exclusion, participation in crimes is the only common moral which can be termed as an act of self-help. According to sociologist, Wexler, (2018), economic violence is very common among individuals in marginalized communities, he therefore argues that the criminal justice is the main reason why this happens because the system does not respond to such cases, and in addition, the criminal justice has less social regulation because of issues like corruption. Conflicts are rising that the justice system tends to act in favor of the individuals who are able to pay bribes, also you may find that some individuals that belong to some communities are served justice more as compared to those who come from marginalized communities (Herring, Yarbrough, & Marie 2020). According to the Leadership Development Program, marginalized communities in many times go through being discriminated against and excluded just because these communities have less power or lack popularity among all the dimensions in the society, which includes, culturally, socially, politically and economically among many other dimensions (Dutt, 2018). You find that these communities are neglected and denied some of the social services and privileges. Oftentimes, these communities live in surroundings where there are high levels of poverty, violence is an adamant occurrence, there is little or no access to public services, and inclusive policies. Many individuals from marginalized communities tend to fall on the wrong side of the law and the agents of Criminal Justice tend to be very brutal to such victims, a good example is on the issues of police brutality (Ortiz, & Jackey, 2019). Many of the people who are victims of these cases tend to be from marginalized communities, this pushes these individuals to a periphery in the society. You find that the police as agents of Criminal Justice tend to bring distortion by being involved in malpractices such as, accepting bribes and acting unfairly. In addition, another economic violence that is caused by the Criminal Justice System can be evidently seen in the court systems, which are also part of the justice system. Criminologists argue that, almost or majority of criminals who come from marginalized communities or are poor do not have the right to free legal aid (Heberle, Obus, & Gray, 2020). They may receive inadequate representation in a court of law or no representation at all, this is because they cannot afford the services or rather if they can afford they will be taken advantage of. Theory and Hypotheses The criminal justice system has for long continued to get used in perpetuating both marginalization and economic violence among the less dominant communities. Essentially, this has been made possible by the unequal treatment and forms of punishment usually meted on the marginalized people in the society on account of various factors among them skin color, gender, and at times position in the economic ladder. Though legislations enacted in contemporary times remain silent on most aspects unlike in the reconstruction era, the interpretation of such laws and severe punishment awarded to the marginalized communities have put the economic justice system in the spotlight to have been at the forefront of perpetuating economic violence against such communities (Hinton, et al., 2018). The outright bias has also been evidenced in the way the justice system has often handled juvenile cases at times on account of their dress code which automatically links them to criminal acts. Ideally, the criminal justice system plays a vital role in the actual dispensation of justice since it acts as the complimentary organization of the United States criminal system and comprises various bodies. In this case, whereas the criminal system is supposed to be an independent entity dispensing justice in a fair and just manner, the opposite has largely been the case. The main aim of this study will be to show the need for more detailed research on the issue of how the criminal justice system has over time been used to perpetuate economic violence on marginalized communities. Importance of the Study The orchestration of economic violence against the marginalized communities has for a predominantly long period continues with little efforts made to stop these acts of inequality and outright judicial discrimination. Hinton et al., (2018) elucidate what seems as a wellchoreographed script by both lawmakers and the judicial system in the enacting and subsequent interpretation of laws that seem to target the less dominant communities in the United States. Essentially, this form of judicial exploitation has taken a form of racial discrimination with most laws enacted in recent times seen to target the people of color on a significant scale. "Legislators in the United States no longer explicitly write laws in the racially discriminatory manner that marked the Reconstruction Era. But even laws that are neutral on their face can disparately impact black people” (Hinton et al., 2018). Generally, the adoption and subsequent interpretation and application of such laws is a move towards showing how the justice system perpetuates various forms of economic violence. However, though some scholars have attempted to research and write about such forms of inequalities in law, extensive research and subsequent publications on how the economic justice system remains partial and unequal in the application of laws especially to the marginalized communities still needs to be done urgently. Hypothesis If the criminal justice system is left unchecked as is and more research on the topic is not done, then economic violence meted on the marginalized communities will continue rapidly. For this reason, the theory of inequality in the justice system more so requires much focus and attention in a bid to quell the rising conflicts in the society owing to the existing disparities and inequality. Herring et al., (2020) attribute the rising conflicts to the ability of some individuals with the ability to offer bribes and hefty fines just to evade the law at the expense of the marginalized communities and individuals who cannot afford to bribe themselves out of the criminal justice system. Kurlychek, Megan, & Johnson (2019) also noted that the law has since been seen to favor the predominantly rich individuals in the society at the expense of delivering the justice required or expected to be given by the criminal justice system. For this reason, the observation made by Kurlychek, Megan, & Johnson (2019) indicates the need for more research on the aspect of bribing ought to be conducted with a view of exposing the rot in the criminal justice system and the systematic perpetuation of injustice against marginalized communities. Conclusion In conclusion, there is a dire need to conduct extensive research and subsequently publish the findings of such research to the general public. Ideally, the main aim of this study would be to show how the criminal justice system has been used to perpetuate economic violence against the marginalized communities in the study. The importance of the research will expose the predominantly high rates of corruption in the criminal justice system where few privileged individuals can offer bribes and subsequently evade facing the consequences of breaking the law while marginalized people who cannot afford such bribes get jailed. Survey Design The research on the perpetuation of the criminal justice system to the economy of the marginalized communities will focus on African-Americans. The data will be collected in the neighborhoods of Chicago, where most middle and lower-class people live. Neighborhoods that most black people live in Chicago are the South and West Side, where the largest number are found in Roseland, Auburn Gresham, and the South Shore (Nolan, 2019). The population is prone to criminal justice oppression due to their race and wealth ladder in the community. Ideally, African-Americans in the middle and lower social classes are segregated racially and eventually acquire insufficient education and future economic prospects. Education is essential to enlighten people about their rights and American policies. However, African Americans who obtain low education are unaware of their rights in the USA. Since the federal government voided Jim Crow laws, the criminal justice system still discriminates against African Americans (Nolan, 2019). Hence the target population is an ideal source of information that will support the research and aid in generalizing the status of criminal justice to the economic status of marginalized communities. The participant recruitment will involve the initiation of virtual conference meetings with the residents in the Chicago neighborhoods and the anti-racism activists who operate within Illinois state. In this case, the virtual conferences will provide easy access to the interviewees since minimal time will be used for communication. Virtual conferences catalyze recruitment processes and provide a strategic basis for making good decisions on whom to recruit to the interview. Additionally, virtual conferencing is open to a mass number of people who have had varied violent experiences in the criminal justice system. Hence the recruitment will meet ideal attributes of fairness, convenience, and effectiveness. The meeting attendees will form a basis to select the participants in focus groups and interviews during the actual data collection. Additionally, the attendees will be requested to refer the initiative to their colleagues who may want to contribute to the research. People who have undergone oppression in the criminal justice system will be prioritized in selecting focus group members and interviewees. The research panel will send emails to those that will be selected to provide information. Interviews and focus groups will be the research tools to gather information from the participants. Sixty participants will be interviewed, where fifty are African-Americans selected equally from Roseland, Auburn Gresham, and the South Shore in Chicago. Ten participants will be anti-racism activists in Illinois who work with organizations, such as Black Youth Project, The Las Americas Immigration Advocacy Center, and the NAACP (Nolan, 2019). The fifty citizens will be interviewed in face-to-face meetings and then grouped to discuss their opinions and experiences in the focus groups. Activists that will be involved will be selected ideally from various anti-racism conferences I attended in the past year when the Black Lives Matter movement was brought to the spotlight. Focus groups will be issued with topics and issues concerned to them, especially those that assess criminal injustices targeted to black Americans in the middle and lower classes. In general, the interviews and focus group discussions will focus on the hypothesis scope that criminal justice suppresses the marginalized communities based on their economic classes. The research design will be important in the data collection since the enhanced acquisition of comprehensive qualitative data. Face-to-face interviews are most effective in qualitative research as the researcher understands respondent opinions, behavior, experiences, and phenomena. As an interviewee, I will understand the information provided by the respondents and explain the research findings. In general, interviews provide in-depth information through a superior technique of exploration on the topic (Cypress, 2018). Focus groups yield valuable output gathered within a short duration. However, qualitative interviews have some drawbacks, such as reliance on respondents’ accuracy and emotional strain. For instance, the respondents that have undergone oppression will be prompted to give their views based on their emotions and not the reasonable perspective of the criminal injustices. Focus group members may not disseminate honest personal opinions about the criminal injustices affecting them. They may be reluctant to express their thoughts, especially if the views contradict. Secondary Analysis This study will mainly draw from laws, documentaries, and letters. Documentaries on recent issues of criminal justice-related oppression will be analyzed to come up with data that will inform the study. Documentaries involve detailed research on specific issues hence can serve as reliable secondary sources for this study. Other sources that will inform this study are newspapers. The study will draw data from newspapers to discuss recent issues concerning criminal justice in the country. Our data will also come from recent surveys conducted in the country regarding the oppression of the marginalized criminal justice system. Data from the general social survey, F.B.I., National Crime Victimization Survey, and Bureau of Justice statistics will heavily inform this study. Surveys provide more timely and reliable data on this specific research topic ( Martins et al., 2018). These surveys are also easy to access and are conducted on the target samples of our study. Google will be my main means of accessing the data in this study. This study will heavily depend on google to access websites of essential agencies such as F.B.I. Surveys used in this research will be accessed through the websites of agencies that conducted them. Data from newspapers will be accessed from libraries and information centers. Libraries will enable unlimited access to newspapers with regard to time of publication. Documentaries used in this study will be accessed from sites such as Youtube and Amazon. I will also watch documentaries on Netflix. For the 2019 and future iterations of the National Crime Victimization Survey, BJS presented new classifications of metropolitan, suburban, and rural areas in 2020, intending to provide a more detailed description of where criminal victimizations occur ( Anderson, 2020). This study explains how these classifications are made and how the current descriptions are more in line with Americans' perceptions of their lives. The documentary Crime + Punishment by Stephen Maing examines the NYPD's ongoing yet hidden use of quotas and their effect on New Yorkers as well as police officers (Wilkinson, 2020). The work that results is critical for everyone concerned about America's policing structures, mainly because the NYPD's framework serves as a model for police departments countrywide. Sampling will involve a deep analysis of the data to ascertain whether the data meets our requirements. I will search for specific contents and patterns to know whether the data contains what we need. I will also focus on identifying latent content in the data. Implementation of the data will also highly depend on what we see. I will identify cases of police brutality, oppressive judicial rulings, and cases of discrimination of the marginalized by the criminal justice system. The design has several advantages. Firstly, secondary is cheap and easier to obtain. The data will be obtained from already published sources hence will be at a lower cost. Accessing secondary data also takes a short time since the data is available online, and documentaries can also be easily accessed ( Martins et al., 2018). The design also enables me to have a significant sample size in my size. The design also enables me to benefit from professional researchers who have deep knowledge of the criminal justice system. On the other hand, the design has its weakness as well. Finding reliable information concerning the criminal justice system and marginalized people is difficult. Irrelevant evaluation studies also limit the design. References Anderson, J. (2020). Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) - Classification of Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=7189 Martins, F. S., da Cunha, J. A. C., & Serra, F. A. R. (2018). Secondary data in research–uses and opportunities. PODIUM sport, leisure, and tourism review, 7(3). Heberle, Obus, & Gray, (2020). An intersectional perspective on the intergenerational transmission of trauma and state?perpetrated violence. Journal of Social Issues. Ortiz, & Jackey, (2019). The system is not broken, it is intentional: The prisoner reentry industry as deliberate structural violence. The Prison Journal, 99(4), 484-503. Dutt, (2018). Locating patriarchy in violence against women in India: Social, legal and alternative responses. People: International Journal of Social Sciences, 4(2). Herring, Yarbrough, & Marie (2020). Pervasive penalty: How the criminalization of poverty perpetuates homelessness. Social Problems, 67(1), 131-149. Kurlychek, & Johnson, (2019). Cumulative disadvantage in the American criminal justice system. Annual Review of Criminology, 2, 291-319. Richardson, & Crawford, (2019). Dirty data, bad predictions: How civil rights violations impact police data, predictive policing systems, and justice. NYUL Rev. Online, 94, 15. Wexler, (2018). Life, liberty, and trade secrets: Intellectual property in the criminal justice system. Stan. L. Rev., 70, 1343. Mayeux, (2018). The idea of the criminal justice system. Am. J. Crim. L., 45, 55. Herring, C., Yarbrough, D., & Marie Alatorre, L. (2020). Pervasive penalty: How the criminalization of poverty perpetuates homelessness. Social Problems, 67(1), 131-149. Hinton, E., Henderson, L., & Reed, C. (2018). An unjust burden: The disparate treatment of black Americans in the criminal justice system. Vera Institute of Justice. May. Kurlychek, Megan. C., & Johnson, B. D. (2019). Cumulative disadvantage in the American criminal justice system. Annual Review of Criminology, 2, 291-319. Cypress, B. (2018). Qualitative research methods: A phenomenological focus. Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing, 37(6), 302-309. Nolan, T. (2019). Perilous policing: Criminal justice in marginalized communities. Routledge. Wilkinson, A. (2020). 9 movies and shows that explain how America’s justice system got this way. Retrieved 28 April 2021, from https://www.vox.com/culture/2020/6/1/21276965/policing-prisons-movies-showsstreaming-netflix