Homework answers / question archive / Topic you chose from Google forms Would a Public Health Approach to insert social/environmental injustice Decrease Rates of insert medical condition caused by injustice for population you will focus on ? From a Future Nurse’s Prospective Date Name West Coast University Abstract This paper investigates the scientific, economic, social and ethical need of approaching insert your injustice here as a public health issue from a future nurse’s prospective

Topic you chose from Google forms Would a Public Health Approach to insert social/environmental injustice Decrease Rates of insert medical condition caused by injustice for population you will focus on ? From a Future Nurse’s Prospective Date Name West Coast University Abstract This paper investigates the scientific, economic, social and ethical need of approaching insert your injustice here as a public health issue from a future nurse’s prospective

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Topic you chose from Google forms Would a Public Health Approach to insert social/environmental injustice Decrease Rates of insert medical condition caused by injustice for population you will focus on ? From a Future Nurse’s Prospective Date Name West Coast University Abstract This paper investigates the scientific, economic, social and ethical need of approaching insert your injustice here as a public health issue from a future nurse’s prospective. In approximately 2 sentences state the problem related to your topic including the medical condition in your research question. You must be reflective about your topic because you need to say this is a very summarized way. The List the academic data bases you used to find your scholarly articles data bases were used to find academic articles that fit specific criteria. The search terms used included list out the search terms you used to find your articles and public health. The population focus was Insert specific population in your research question because Explain why your populations was the focus of the paper. The scientific and economic perspectives suggest that make comprehensive conclusions about the findings in both the scientific and economic perspectives paper. You must have conclusions from each. This should be done in three sentences or less. This is a summary so you cannot go on and on with minute details. No stats. The cultural and ethical perspectives suggest that make comprehensive conclusions about the findings in both the cultural and ethical perspectives paper. You must have conclusions from each. This should be done in three sentences or less. This is a summary so you cannot go on and on with minute details. No stats. Therefore, a preventative approach to insert injustice would have list out the advantages. Do not just copy mine. Think about your paper as a whole and think of specific advantages to your topic that are discussed in your paper. This is how cohesion works. Conclude with a reflective statement that includes how specific public health approaches to a crisis will resolve your specific issue. This paper should not exceed a few lines over a page. The skill of editing and streamlining information while still being comprehensive are being assessed here. If you go over 4 lines the second page you will lose points. It means that you are not able to summarize material and have not mastered the skill. Obviously delete this direction before handing in the paper. Food environment related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Would Approaching the Food Environment Related to the Decline in Bee Populations as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates of Chronic Disease for Americans? A Registered Dietitian’s Perspective December 6, 2020 Abstract This paper investigates the scientific, economic, societal and ethical need of approaching the decline in bee populations as a public health issue from a registered dietitian’s perspective. Bees provide essential pollination services to crops that have been linked with decreased chronic diseases. Their decline in population could lead to shortages of produce and a continued increase in unhealthy food environments in America. The Pubmed and Florida International University data bases were used to find academic articles that fit specific criteria. The search terms used included decline in bee populations, biodiversity, agriculture, micronutrients, chronic disease and public health. The population focus was Americans because these individuals are at an increased risk of chronic disease and higher healthcare costs due to unhealthy food environments. The scientific and economical perspective suggest that production and availability of fruits and vegetables is essential for agricultural revenue as well as decreasing medical costs for chronic diseases. The cultural and ethical perspectives suggest that the standard American diet is the driving force of the decline in bee populations. Demand for processed foods and animal products has supported the expansion of monocultured crops as well as market and political control by large agricultural industry. These agricultural practices provide nutritionally inadequate diets for both bees and humans and work to derail environmental policy. The profession of dietetics has recognized its role in preventing chronic disease and supporting environmental stewardship - a fundamental component in protecting the pollinators responsible for producing the foods that fight chronic disease. Therefore, a preventative approach to the decline in bee populations would have environmental, medical and economic advantages. Protecting bee populations through education, research and compressive policy change promotes biodiversity, continued profitability of nutrient dense produce and decreases medical costs. Conclusion Complex economic and cultural shifts have led to changes in food environments for both bees and Americans. The consequences of these shifts include environmental destruction, a decline in bee populations, potential decrease of disease fighting crops and the creation of an agriculture oligarchy. The solution to such an interrelated and far reaching problem will require cross collaboration between policy makers and several fields of science to create legislative changes and prevention programs. Future policy reform that views this issue through a preventive lens must be more compressive than past proposals. New legislation will need to include language that allocates funding for several programs such as independent research, beekeeper and dietitian education programs, monitoring bee populations and protection of habitat. It will also need to address the modification of farming practices, “revolving door” policies and banning of noenicitinoids. Primary prevention programs that focus on interventions that are beneficial for both bees and humans would improve colony survival and decrease rates of chronic illness. This is possible by the promotion of diets that support biodiverse habitats. Recommending an increase in plant foods such as fruits vegetables, nuts and seeds provides nutritionally adequate diets for bees and humans. This also deceases the expansion for monocultures which provide nutrient poor diets and promotes disease in both species. Investment in intensive farming is defended by large agriculture businesses and governmental agencies because it allows for higher yields of crops per acre. They argue that this decreases the need for expansion and can help to provide food for a growing population. However, reports published on the USDA website and in PubMed show that corn and soy farmers plan on continued farmland development and that these crops are a major contributing factor to chronic illness (USDA, 2020; Siegel, 2016). The farther farming moves from biodiversity the farther it becomes from the fundamental principles of nature that evolved to balance and protect life. The health of bee colonies is an example of humans’ interconnectedness and dependence on their environment. The evidence supports that continuing trends will lead to devastating and far reaching effects on the economy, food security and health outcomes. This has the potential to overwhelm routine community capabilities of producing sufficient food and treating chronic disease qualifying this environmental injustice as a public health issue. Taking a preventative approach to the decline in bee populations would allow for both bee colonies and a larger sector of the American population to benefit from policy interventions and primary prevention programs backed by evidence-based science. Thus, the decline in bee populations should be approached as a public health issue to ensure agriculture profitability and continued supply of disease preventive foods to Americans. 1 Racism as a Public Health Issue Cultural and Ethical Perspective Saily Perla West Coast University Origin of Racism in the Healthcare System 2 People of color have been experiencing racism in the American health care system since the slavery era. The American health care system raises significant concerns about inequalities that affect the health and wellbeing of people of color. These inequalities lead to gaps in health education and uneven access to quality care. According to Taylor (2019), African Americans bear most of these health care challenges due to their limited economic opportunities. Wealth, the measure of individuals' financial health, determines opportunities for American families. Limited financial options prevent people of color from accessing advanced health education and policies. Hence, they rely on their cultural knowledge regarding food choices and social life, leading to unhealthy behavior. This study reveals that lack of nutrition-related interventions, socioeconomic factors, and food choices contribute to health issues among people of color. a. Lack of Nutrition-Related Interventions People of color have been facing inadequate nutrition-related interventions. The health department recommends impractical nutrition-related interventions that don't anticipate the proper health behavior to adopt. For most history of the racism, including the twentieth century, inadequate food among people of color was a crucial nutritional challenge. The government responded to this challenge by stimulating the production and distribution of affordable foods. However, Hurlimann et al. (2017) argue that even though African Americans have access to cheap foods, they don't have nutrition-related education. Hence, they have a higher rate of chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and various cancers. b. Socioeconomic Factors 3 Socioeconomic factors impact healthy lifestyles for people of color. According to Lolokote et al. (2017), socioeconomic factors, such as education, income, employment, social support, and community safety, affect life expectancy. While people of color are vulnerable to adverse socioeconomic outcomes, they are more likely to face health issues than Whites. For instance, Lolokote et al. (2017) observed that African American students have higher smoking and drug use rates than the general population. Most African American students came from low-income families. Hence, they engage in smoking and drug use to cope with the financial struggles. c. Food Choice Social and cultural factors influence food choices among racial groups, affecting their physical health. Over the past four decades, diabetes rates have quadrupled in the United States (Enriquez & Archila, 2021). People of color have the highest diabetes rate. Among the U.S racial groups, Alaska Natives and Native Americans have the highest age-adjusted diabetes prevalence – nearly 16% of adults – while Hispanic and African Americans have a fifty percent higher risk of diabetes than whites. In his regard, addressing the cultural influence on food choice will help minimize diabetes rates among people of color. Money, Power, and Control: American Health Organizations American health organizations have significantly contributed to limited access to quality care among people of color. American health organizations are crucial in providing health care services, sponsoring applied research, and educating health care professionals. Unfortunately, these roles are unevenly distributed among people of color. For instance, Lew & Weinick (2018) found that over eighteen percent of American health centers prioritize attending to Whites' medical 4 needs. Reflects the health organization's inefficiency in educating workers about treating all patients with integrity. Moreover, American health organizations are inefficient in educating people of color about health risks related to their social and cultural life. For example, the organizations don't create diabetes and smoking awareness among African Americans. Health organizations don't education people of color about nutrition and healthy lifestyles. In essence, Lew & Weinick (2018) found that African Americans' culture influences them to choose unhealthy foods due to lack of advanced health education. American health organizations have also contributed to health problems among people of color by failing to implement health protection policies in the work environment. One of the roles of health care organizations is collaborating with industries to develop occupational health and safety policies to protect workers from health hazards. However, American health organizations do not implement such policies. Consequently, minority groups remain exposed to hazardous materials. For instance, Lew & Weinick (2018) observed that most African Americans work in industries producing dangerous gases without efficient personal protective equipment (PPEs). Legislation: Healthcare Equity and Accountability Act (HEAA) HEAA is crucial in addressing racism issues leading to health care problems among people of color. HEAA's primary role is to improve minorities' health care and eliminate racial disparities in the health care system (Noonan et al., 2018). While HIAA emphasizes accountability, it can help American health organizations undertake their roles and responsibilities accordingly to eliminate racism. Noonan et al. (2018) suggest that accountability is essential in addressing racism in healthcare because it helps health professionals ensure integrity. 5 Two of the HEAA provisions are data collection and reporting. Noonan et al. (2018) suggest that data collection and reporting will allow people of color to provide feedback about their experiences with American medical centers. This way, the government and healthcare organizations will get insights to address racism. Moreover, data collection and reporting will enhance transparency and fairness in hospitals as health care providers make informed decisions about diagnosis and treatment procedures. Most importantly, HEAA focuses on increasing federal resources to address diseases that impact people of color and engage healthcare organizations in developing strategies to address social determinants of health. HEAA will increase health education among people of color, helping them adopt healthy lifestyles and avoid specific diseases. For example, HEAA will improve nutrition-related education among African Americans to help them manage diabetes. Cultural Norms: Educational Levels People of color often have lower educational levels compared to whites. In essence, Taylor (2019) reveals that low education levels among African Americans have become a cultural norm. Whites often consider African Americans as educationally disadvantaged. Hence, they have limited knowledge about healthy lifestyles. Lack of education is a crucial social norm in addressing racism in healthcare. Health education will help people of color adopt healthy lifestyles and increase access to health care. Taylor (2019) found a significant correlation between educational level, self-reported health, and life expectancy across racial groups. In this case, racial groups with higher education levels are more likely to maintain healthy lifestyles. Unfortunately, the American education and healthcare systems do not promote health education for people of color. 6 The ethical issue associated with the development and implementation of public health interventions is social and cultural for people of color. Cultural competence is crucial in implementing health interventions. Health care professionals must acknowledge beliefs and values of a diverse population to implement practical health interventions. For example, health care professionals must recognize African Americans' financial and educational challenges to address food choices. Ethical Obligations: A Diverse Public Health Workforce A public health workforce that acknowledges the diversity of the U.S population is crucial in achieving health equity and meeting its unique needs. African Americans, American Indians, and Hispanics are underrepresented among degree owners and individuals employed in public health (Hemingway & Bosanquet, 2018). Racial and ethnic diversity in the public health workforce must include cultural competency and increased participation by people of color. The U.S is increasingly becoming more diverse and expects to accommodate people from various racial and ethnic backgrounds. For instance, (Taylor, 2019) documents that racial and ethnic minorities comprised thirty-seven percent of the U.S population and are expected to reach fifty-seven percent in 2060 (Taylor, 2019). The Hispanic population will increase from seventeen percent in 2018 to thirty-one percent in 2060, while African Americans will increase from thirteen percent to fourteen percent. Moreover, Asian Americans will increase from 5.2% to 8.4%, as American Indians increase from 1.4% to 1.7 percent (Taylor, 2019). Hence, the public health of people of color is more likely to involve underrepresented persons, leading to cultural competence issues. Health disparities have been documented across all racial groups, but African Americans bear the most significant burden. Even though equal access to health care services and employment 7 opportunities have improved, the government must employ more African Americans in public health to enhance cultural competence (Hemingway & Bosanquet, 2018). Representation of African Americans' health needs will help healthcare organizations implement practical interventions to improve public health. The success of government initiatives, such as HEAA, depends on health care providers' ability to address unique needs for diverse groups. Hemingway & Bosanquet (2018) state that more underrepresented public health workers and medical professionals will help bridge the health inequality gap. Therefore, America must train public health workers about the benefits of a diverse workforce and cultural competence and employ individuals from underrepresented racial groups. References Enriquez, J. P., & Archila-Godinez, J. C. (2021). Social and cultural influences on food choices: A review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-7. Hemingway, A., & Bosanquet, J. (2018). Role of nurses in tackling health inequalities. Journal of Community Nursing, 32(6), 62-64. Hurlimann, T., Peña-Rosas, J. P., Saxena, A., Zamora, G., & Godard, B. (2017). Ethical issues in the development and implementation of nutrition-related public health policies and interventions: A scoping review. PloS one, 12(10), e0186897. 8 Lew, N., & Weinick, R. M. (2018). An overview: eliminating racial, ethnic, and SES disparities in health care. Health Care Financing Review, 21(4), 1. Lolokote, S., Hidru, T. H., & Li, X. (2017). Do sociocultural factors influence college students' self-rated health status and health-promoting lifestyles? A cross-sectional multicenter study in Dalian, China. BMC public health, 17(1), 1-14. Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2018). We are improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice. Public health reviews, 37(1), 1-20. Taylor, J. (2019). Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans. American Journal of Healthcare (6) 3 -13 Scientific and Economic Perspectives of Inquiry Would Approaching Racism as a Public Health Issue Decrease Rates Medical Conditions for the African American/Black Community? From a Future Nurse’s Perspective 04/20/2021 Saily Perla Westcoast University 2 Evidence of the Connection: Racism and Poor Health Outcomes Racial minorities in the United States have experienced a considerable disease burden and poor health outcomes connected to their racial identity and racial biases in the community. An example of a poor health outcome prevalent in racial minority communities is obesity which is linked to the relatively lower average socioeconomic statuses of racial minorities (Andrea et al., 2017). Additionally, non-Hispanic middle-aged Blacks have a higher burden of chronic conditions and develop multimorbidity at an earlier stage than Whites (Quiñones et al., 2019). At age 65, while only 9% of Whites have diabetes, 17.5% of non-Hispanic Blacks have diabetes (Davis et al., 2017). Racial minorities generally face a higher disease burden than Whites because historically, minority populations have faced diverse challenges in health and healthcare. Many studies have outlined the connection between racism in the community and poor health outcomes for African Americans, and one such study was published in the peer-reviewed journal Mindfulness. In this particular study, the researchers aimed to investigate the role of Mindfulness in reducing the adverse effects of racial discrimination on behavioral outcomes. The researchers recruited 388 African American young adults between 18 and 24 years old. Participants completed questionnaires on their past experiences of racial discrimination, depressive and anxiety symptoms, alcohol use, and trait mindfulness. The study found that 57.5% of the population had experienced racial discrimination in the past year. Age and gender also affected the experience of racism and the connection between racism and mental health outcomes. Older young adults were likely to experience racial discrimination and more likely to present with anxiety and depression symptoms. Male participants also experienced racial discrimination more and consequently were more vulnerable to depressive and anxiety symptoms. The study showed that people who experienced racial discrimination were more 3 likely to present with depression and anxiety and mood disorders, and excessive alcohol use (Zapolski, Faidley, & Beutlich, 2019). The high risk of mental health problems would be related to community stressors, exclusion, and experiences in the healthcare system. Racism has affected the abilities of the African American populations to access health services due to low socioeconomic conditions, which reduce the affordability of care (Noonan, Velasco-Mondragon, & Wagner, 2016). The population has reported increased morbidity and mortality burden due to the overall racial profiling the community experiences. Increased racial biases have denied the African American communities fair treatment in the healthcare system and exploring the services that would improve their health outcomes (Dehon et al., 2017). Racial profiling of the African American populations reduces the opportunities offered to the entire community in reaching their health goals and desires. For example, black communities subjected to increased racism have missed opportunities from areas like employment and education (Noonan et al., 2016). This trend affects the ability to maintain the desired health outcomes since limited options undermine their prospects in achieving the desired results. Systemic racism undermines opportunities for achieving better health outcomes. Additionally, reduced representation and equity have affected the ability to promote equitable resource distribution within the community. Racism is linked with increased harmful interference with the country's health systems and biases against low-income earners majority of whom are African Americans and other racial minorities (Lewis & Van Dyke, 2018). Experiences of racism in the U.S. thus increase the disease burden and reduce African Americans' health outcomes. 4 Medical diagnosis one: Asthma Asthma is one of the common chronic illnesses reported in various communities affecting the overall wellness and health outcomes achieved long-term. This condition affects the respiratory systems reducing the breathing effectiveness and general health outcomes. This condition involves blocking the airways, which narrow due to the body producing extra mucus (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], n.d.). Some of the most common signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing and persistent coughing. In the United States, asthma has been considered one of the primary health conditions affecting the larger populations. This condition affects over 11.4 million people globally, 7.8% of the American people (CDC, n.d.). In comparison, the disease affects at least 11.2% of African Americans in the United States and 14.1% of people identifying as mixed-race. Asian Americans have reported the lowest rate of 5.2% (CDC, n.d.). Racial profiling has been associated with an increased prevalence of the condition among various populations. The Whites who enjoy no racial domination in the United States reported at least 7.7% prevalence in the statistics given above (CDC, n.d.). Compared to the minority groups that suffer racial profiling like African Americans, the whites are better placed in the healthcare systems. Limited resource allocation reduces opportunities for achieving the desired health outcomes for this population (Louisias & Matsui, 2020). African Americans also suffer diverse challenges like reduced access to medical care through racial profiling. Racial discrimination in health resources and the care delivery centers increases African Americans' mortality rates compared to Whites and other major or dominant races. 5 An article published in Wiley journal investigated the association between physician implicit racial bias and clinical decision making. A structured electronic literature search of databases, such as PubMed and Scopus, was conducted. Several eligible studies, including those for physicians, for Eligible studies for physicians, assessment of physician clinical decision making, implicit association tests, and studies published in peer-reviewed journals (Dehon et al., 2017). Two experts reviewed the articles to determine their credibility. Results of the study indicate that emergency medicine providers who demonstrated a preference for white people had a likelihood of treating white patients while discriminating against black patients with pediatric asthma. Therefore, it can conclude that eliminating racism will help improve asthma disease among Black patients (Dehon et al., 2017). Medical diagnosis two: Obesity Obesity is one of the complex conditions affecting millions of people in the country. Generally, when a person is affected by this condition, the body mass index raises over 30. Attributes like being excessively overweight characterize this condition. This condition involves the affected parties recording excessive body fat accumulation, which increases body weight when measured using the BMI score. People diagnosed with obesity have higher risks of suffering additional complex and chronic illnesses like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiac conditions (CDC, 2021). The rates of obesity have been increasing, and in 2018, 42.4% of Americans were obese (CDC, 2021). African Americans have the highest rate at 49.6%, compared to Whites at 42.2% (CDC, 2021). Obesity is a significant health problem affecting Americans, and racial minorities are the most affected. While obesity has primarily been linked to socioeconomic status and lifestyle, there is emerging research on its connection to racism. Systemic racism and discrimination reduced 6 opportunities for better health due to reduced access to crucial health and food resources (Aaron & Stanford, 2021). Additionally, racism affects the ability to access resources that would otherwise improve the health outcomes reported within the community (Aaron & Stanford, 2021). African Americans suffer both systemic and perceived discrimination due to their racial backgrounds. Reduced access to crucial resources has affected the Black communities in preventing and managing obesity. Medical diagnosis three: COVID 19 The current pandemic has outlined how racism may be affecting manifestation and response to the COVID 19 virus. COVID 19 is a novel virus reported in 2019 and has involved over 140 million people globally, with at least 3 million deaths and 80 million recoveries (Medical News Today, 2021). This condition has affected multiple populations regardless of age, race, and culture. Some of the signs and symptoms attributed to COVID 19 include sore throat, headache, taste and smell sense loss, skin rash, aches and pain, fever, tiredness, and dry cough. The condition affects the body through the respiratory system. Once infected, the virus affects the throat and the respiratory system as a whole resulting in a dry cough, fever, and general body weakness (Medical News Today, 2021). Statistical data shows that African Americans are more likely to be infected with COVID 19 than Whites (Medical News Today, 2021). This data indicates that there is an apparent racial gap in the prevalence of the condition. Disparities in the prevalence of COVID 19 highlight the effect of racism on the health of racial minorities. When considering prevalence, the country has reported differences across races, especially among the dominant populations (Tan, DeSouza & Raifman, 2021). Some reports have claimed that the African American community has a high risk of mortality when compared to the others due to systemic racism. Systemic racism has denied African American 7 populations the same opportunities and resources offered to whites and other communities (Tan et al., 2021). Structural racism in terms of access to relevant health services and facilities for the protection of racial minorities has been correlated with high rates of COVID 19 in African Americans (Tan et al., 2021). This evidence proves that poor health outcomes in African Americans are partly due to racism in the nation. Economic Burden: Healthcare and Productivity Healthcare Racism has created inequality in the American community, affecting the minority populations socially, economically, and health-wise. The primary effects revolve around understanding the potential role of racism in the country's health because it has affected the entire population's resources (Graham & Pinto, 2021). Racial profiling has denied the minority like African Americans equal opportunities in accessing resources that would improve their health status. Reduced opportunities in education and employment have affected the community's abilities to meet its daily needs when considering health and other primary demands. Moreover, racial disparities in the healthcare system have been associated with $35 billion in additional health care costs (LaVeist, Gaskin, & Richard, 2011). Correcting racial discrimination, especially in the healthcare system, can save the U.S. billions in healthcare costs. Productivity Additionally, the other effects witnessed include reduced productivity due to poor psychological and physiological health outcomes for racial minorities. Racism in the workplace affects the psychological health of the minority populations making it hard to achieve maximum concentration. Reduced employee productivity affects the overall community outcomes, which 8 reduces the potential for achieving the desired country's financial results (Taylor, 2019). With poor corporate performance, a country is likely to report declining GDP and NNP values. These values are essential for measuring a country's economic health. Further, poor health outcomes due to racism have led to the loss of $10 billion annually due to illness-related loss of productivity and $200 billion in premature death (LaVeist et al., 2011). Racial discrimination and biases in the U.S. have exacerbated existing health conditions for African Americans and led to a high disease burden for this community. Dealing with racism may help the nation reduce the economic and social impact of poor health outcomes among African Americans. 9 References Aaron, D. G., & Stanford, F. C. (2021). Is obesity a manifestation of systemic racism? A ten? point strategy for study and intervention. Journal of Internal Medicine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021). Adult obesity facts. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (n.d.). Most Recent National Asthma Data. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_national_asthma_data.htm Davis, J., Penha, J., Mbowe, O., & Taira, D. A. (2017). Peer-Reviewed: Prevalence of Single and Multiple Leading Causes of Death by Race/Ethnicity Among U.S. Adults Aged 60 to 79 Years. Preventing Chronic Disease, 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd14.160241 Dehon, E., Weiss, N., Jones, J., Faulconer, W., Hinton, E., & Sterling, S. (2017). A systematic review of the impact of physician implicit racial bias on clinical decision making. Academic Emergency Medicine, 24(8), 895-904. https://doi.org/10.1111/acem.13214 Graham, C., & Pinto, S. (2021). The geography of desperation in America: Labor force participation, mobility, place, and well-being. Social Science & Medicine, 270, 113612. LaVeist, T. A., Gaskin, D., & Richard, P. (2011). Estimating the economic burden of racial health inequalities in the United States. International Journal of Health Services, 41(2), 231-238. https://doi.org/10.2190/HS.41.2.c. Lewis, T. T., & Van Dyke, M. E. (2018). Discrimination and the health of African Americans: The potential importance of intersectionalities. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27(3), 176-182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721418770442 10 Louisias, M., & Matsui, E. (2020). Disentangling the root causes of racial disparities in asthma: the role of structural racism in a 5-year-old black boy with uncontrolled asthma. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: In Practice, 8(3), 1162-1164. Medical News Today. (2021, Apr. 22). COVID-19 live updates: Total number of cases passes 143 million. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/live-updates-coronaviruscovid-19#1 Noonan, A. S., Velasco-Mondragon, H. E., & Wagner, F. A. (2016). Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: An overdue opportunity for social justice. Public Health Reviews, 37(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4 Quiñones, A. R., Botoseneanu, A., Markwardt, S., Nagel, C. L., Newsom, J. T., Dorr, D. A., & Allore, H. G. (2019). Racial/ethnic differences in multimorbidity development and chronic disease accumulation for middle-aged adults. PloS One, 14(6), e0218462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218462 Tan, S. B., DeSouza, P., & Raifman, M. (2021). Structural Racism and COVID-19 in the USA: a County-Level Empirical Analysis. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 1-11. Taylor, J. (2019). Racism, inequality, and health care for African Americans. https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp01ng451m58f Zapolski, T. C., Faidley, M. T., & Beutlich, M. R. (2019). The experience of racism on behavioral health outcomes: The moderating impact of Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 10(1), 168-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0963-7 Scientific and economic perspectives of inquiry- Outline 11 Thesis Statement: Racial minorities in the United States have experienced a huge disease burden and poor health outcomes connected to their racial identity and racial biases in the community. Evidence of the connection Racial minorities generally face a higher disease burden than Whites because historically, minority populations have faced diverse challenges in health and healthcare. The high risk of mental health problems would be related to community stressors, exclusion, and experiences in the healthcare system. Medical diagnosis one: Asthma Asthma is one of the common chronic illnesses reported in various communities affecting the overall wellness and health outcomes achieved long-term. An article published in Wiley journal investigated the association between physician implicit racial bias and clinical decision making. Medical diagnosis two: Obesity Obesity is one of the complex conditions affecting millions of people in the country. While obesity has largely been linked to socioeconomic status and lifestyle, there is emerging research on its connection to racism. Medical diagnosis three: Covid 19 The current pandemic has outlined how racism may be affecting manifestation and response to the COVID 19 virus. Disparities in the prevalence of COVID 19 highlight the effect of racism on the health of racial minorities Economic burden 12 Racism has created inequality in the American community, affecting the minority populations socially, economically, and health-wise. Additionally, the other effects witnessed include reduced productivity due to poor psychological and physiological health outcomes for racial minorities.