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Module 3 - SLP DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Disaster Preparedness Address the following: 1

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Module 3 - SLP DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Disaster Preparedness Address the following: 1. Compose a disaster scenario involving the disaster you selected in Module 2 SLP. 2. Identify the detailed events for your disaster scenario. For each detailed event, describe the expected emergency response actions. Remember to support your statements with properly cited quotations. SLP Assignment Expectations Length: This Case Assignment should be 4–6 pages, not counting the title page and references. References: At least two references should be included from academic sources (e.g., peer-reviewed journal articles). Required readings are included. Quoted material should not exceed 10% of the total paper (since the focus of these assignments is critical thinking). Use your own words and build on the ideas of others. When material is copied verbatim from external sources, it MUST be enclosed in quotes. The references should be cited within the text and listed at the end of the assignment in the References section (preferably in APA format). Organization: Subheadings should be used to organize your paper according to question. Grammar and Spelling: While no points are deducted for minor errors, assignments are expected to adhere to standard guidelines of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and sentence syntax. Points may be deducted if grammar and spelling impact clarity. Module 3 - Background DISASTER PREPAREDNESS Required Reading How to prepare for a wildfire. (2014). FEMA. Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/14090038593910e8ad1ed42c129f11fbc23d008d1ee85/how_to_prepare_wildfire_03 3014_508.pdf State of California Emergency Plan. (2017). Retrieved from http://www.caloes.ca.gov/PlanningPreparednessSite/Documen ts/California_State_Emergency_Plan_2017.pdf 2018 National Preparedness Report. (2018). Retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/media-library-data/15417811858232ae55a276f604e04b68e2748adc95c68/2018NPRRprt20181108v50 8.pdf Required Websites California Office of Emergency Services: http://www.caloes.ca.gov/ California Wildfires (DR4344). FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/disaster/4344 California Wildfires (DR1731). FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/disaster/1731 Plan and Prepare for Disasters. DHS: https://www.dhs.gov/topic/plan-and-preparedisasters Wildfire Mitigation. FEMA: https://www.fema.gov/hmgp-appealkeywords/9155 MODULE 1 SLP 1 1 Trident University International Module 1: SLP#1 Disaster/Hazard And Vulnerability Analysis MHE503: Introduction to Cybersecurity MODULE 1 SLP 1 2 Disaster Analysis The country chosen for this assignment is China. The country has had tremendous economic developments over the past few decades. To an extent, it is considered a rival to the superpower position against the United States. China currently has the fastest growing economy globally, and it plays a huge role in the world’s economy, culture, and population. The country is home to more than 1.3 billion people, and its vast expanse of land gives the government the diversity and character to make it stand out (Embassy of the People's Republich of China in Malaysia, 2020). However, even as China continues to grow economically, it has had its fair share of challenges and disasters that have impacted its economic and social growth. In terms of political landscapes, the country is led by a communist, which has stirred many controversies politically, socially, and business-wise between China and other countries. For instance, China and the USA's recent trade war over privacy concerns in using devices produced in China (Cambridge Innovation Institute, 2021). Another challenge facing the country is the prevalence of natural disasters, with the country has had six of the world’s top 10 deadliest natural disasters (Rij, 2016). According to GFDRR (2020), climate change, fast urbanization, and economic growth increase the country’s resource strain, ecology, and environment. Some of the country’s natural disasters include earthquakes, ocean disasters, meteorological disasters, and biological disasters. According to the report, the government has been hit by over 100 types of natural disasters. One natural disaster that has not hit the country for many decades is volcanic eruptions. According to the report, more than 30 percent of Chinese communities face the risk of flooding. Also, the eastern and the southern coastal regions are often faced with threats of tropical cyclone disasters. MODULE 1 SLP 1 3 With two-thirds of the country suffering from the negative effects of the threat of flooding, the government needs to look for ways to mitigate such disasters. Disasters such as droughts, cyclones, landslides, grassland fires, and storms can cause some significant damage to people’s property and caused the loss of many people’s lives. According to Hui (2020), natural disasters killed or caused the missing of 909 people in 2019 and led to the evacuation of 5.29 million people. The natural disasters also resulted in more than 130 million people being adversely impacted by the disasters. In light of the above statistics, it is essential for China to develop a comprehensive disaster management plan, to decrease the death toll, damage to property, minimize the effects of the Disaster 1 Flood Storm Frequency 2 1 1 Advance Warning 6 Magnitude Priority 7 Killed 3 Affected 4 Cost 5 1 1 1 More than 24 hours' warning 1 1 More than 24 hours' warning 1 1 1 1 Earthquake 2 1 2 1 From 1 hour to 24 hours' warning Landslide 2 3 3 2 More than 24 hours' warning 1 Extreme temperatures 3 4 4 3 More than 24 hours' warning 2 MODULE 1 SLP 1 4 Wildfire 3 3 2 2 From 1 hour to 24 hours' warning drought 3 2 1 1 More than 24 hours' warning 2 4 From 1 hour to 24 hours' warning 1 Volcanic eruption 4 3 4 1 (Rij, 2016) From the above table, China is affected by floods. According to a report by Rij (2016), the type of flood that affects China can be classified as general floods entailing rising levels of inland water sources such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater. For areas near such water bodies, floods can be expected and can last several weeks to even months. According to Rij (2016), from 1980 to 2013, floods have resulted in 42,000 deaths and affected 1.9 billion people. Additionally, more than 40 million people have been rendered homeless from floods, thus making it one of the country's common and catastrophic disasters. Considering the weather forecast can predict the rain, warnings should be made a few days prior so that communities living near water bodies can evacuate or plan for floods. Another disaster that can cause significant damage to the environment is wildfires. These wildfires can substantially cause damage to forestry, agriculture, and infrastructure. Such disasters have been most common in northern and western China. The disaster has affected more than half a million people and resulted in more than $110 million in economic damage. Fire can cause significant damage and should be given priority to keep people safe. Another natural disaster that has affected the country is storms. With over 224 storms reported in the past three MODULE 1 SLP 1 5 decades, the storms have had a devastating impact on the Chinese people's economic and social lives. In the past three decades to 2013, over 12,470 people have been killed in the storms. According to Rij (2016), storms significantly affect people's livelihoods, with over 478 million Chinese being affected over the decades. One of the common types of storms is the tropical clone. Heavy rains and wind in the country contributed to hurricanes and even typhoons, which have had deadly aftermaths. Also, since storms are weather-related, meteorologists should give warnings a few days before to prepare. Landslides, which refers to the movement of mass debris, earth, or a mass of rock, have also affected China. According to Rij (2016), landslides are a secondary disaster to another. They still account for 3% of deaths since 1980. When there is too much rain in various parts of the country, rainwater may build-up, causing mud and debris to slide down mountains and hills. The dirt and debris can cover houses around the area, thus destroying property, causing injuries and death. According to Rij, the economy loses almost $759 million US, which is a significant amount. Since landslides are weather-related, scientists can try to predict rain better to alert individuals living near hills and mountains. Earthquakes are deadly and can cause significant damage to property and other items. Some of the earthquake incidents are difficult to predict, thus resulting in unexpected disasters. However, some can be detected earlier, and the people have worn a few hours before it strikes. According to Rij, the Chinese government is trying to tackle this problem by developing and promoting earthquake-resistant constructions. The Chinese government has constructed millions of earthquake-safe houses to encourage the country to embrace the same. Droughts have for most times been thought to be a problem affecting developing countries. However, thirty cases of draught have been reported in the last three decades, which MODULE 1 SLP 1 6 most did not have significant effects. However, the droughts have affected more than 460 million people and resulting in economic damage worth $36 billion. Another related event is extreme weather conditions. When the weather is extremely dry or cold, it can affect farming practices, especially for those communities dependent on farm produce for a living. If the food runs out, the country may lose out on productivity. Conclusion In conclusion, China is a country that has tremendous progress in its economy and still keeps striving to become the best market. Even with its success business-wise, the government has been faced with natural disasters that have tremendously affected the country. The disasters include earth quicks, flooding, wildfires, and landslides, among others. China needs to develop a disaster response plan to prevent and mitigate the disasters to reduce the impact. MODULE 1 SLP 1 7 References Cambridge Innovation Institute. (2021). US hits button on China trade war – Tech at risk. Retrieved from InternetofBusiness.com: https://internetofbusiness.com/us-hits-button-onchina-trade-war-tech-sector-at-risk/ Embassy of the People's Republich of China in Malaysia. (2020, December 2017). China's New Development Opens Up New Opportunities for the World Chargé d'Affaires TANG Rui. Retrieved from http://my.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxw/t1840912.htm GFDRR. (2020). Natural Disaster Challenges in China: Key Trends and Insights. Retrieved from https://www.gfdrr.org/en/feature-story/natural-disaster-challenges-china-key-trends-andinsights Rij, E. V. (2016). An approach to the disaster profile of the People's Republic of China 19802013. Emergency and Disaster Reports, 3 (4). Retrieved from http://www.uniovi.net/uied/Emergency_and_Disaster_Reports/i2/EDR_3_4_2016_China. pdf 1 MODULE 2 SLP 2 Trident University International Module 2: SLP#2 Mitigation and Risk Reduction MHE503: Survey of Emergency and Disaster Management May 4, 2021 Mitigation and Risk Reduction Question 1 MODULE 2 SLP 2 2 Describe mitigation measures that have been implemented to address the disaster that you selected for your country. In over its 5,000 year-long histories, China has faced many natural disasters that have dealt devastating blows to the country. Due to its highly seismic network, china is prone to earthquakes. Despite experiencing magnitude five or fewer earthquakes regularly, China has also experienced devastating earthquake attacks such as the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake, the Tangshan Earthquake, the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake, and the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. These over 7-point magnitude earthquakes not only left economic damages in their wake but a devastating loss of lives. To better prepare and mitigate the disastrous impacts of earthquakes, China has put in place several mitigation measures. First, China has constructed a legal framework to mitigate the disaster. China has enacted several laws and regulation-totaling 30 since 1980, to manage and prevent disasters (Lixin et al., 2012). Some of the laws that directly impact earthquakes are the Emergency Response Law, Earthquake Disasters Protection and Mitigation laws, and regulations stipulating the Handling of Destructive Earthquake Emergencies, among other environmental protection laws and regulations. Secondly, China has a Disaster Prevention Action Plan and Institutional set-ups that mitigate disasters. The Chinese government has been proactive in mitigating the effects of disasters by developing strategies that target local and national levels. In its "China's Agenda 21," the government acknowledged the relationship between environmental protection and disaster management (Kang, 2015). This resulted in China’s Disaster Reduction Plan(19982010). The Plan highlights the goals and ways of reducing disasters. The plan is updated regularly as it has both long and short-term goals. Short-term plans account for up to five years, MODULE 2 SLP 2 while long-term plans account for ten years. On the other hand, institutions empowered with systems such as Disaster information release system, Disaster emergency response system, Disaster early warning system, a reserve system for relief materials, a mechanism for information sharing, consultation, and rescue in case of major disasters, a mechanism for joint relief coordination, and a mechanism for public mobilization in cases of disaster emergencies work collaboratively to mitigate the adverse effects of disasters. Thirdly, China has employed several measures that enhance its disaster-reduction capabilities. Some of the measures include embarking on Disaster-reduction Projects such as improving housing and building resilience to meet the earthquake withstanding standard (Lixin et al., 2012). Construction of earthquake-proof buildings and facilities and Highway disaster prevention projects. Another measure that china has employed in mitigating disasters is Developing a Three-dimensional Monitoring System to enhance its monitoring, forecasting, and early disaster warning capability. Additionally, China uses disaster monitoring systems to monitor the land, ocean, space, air, and ground. It achieves this through systems that monitor Geological disasters, monitor and forecast earthquakes, and a Disaster remote-sensing monitoring system (Olson & Wu, 2010). China can effectively monitor and predict disasters to enable them to mitigate their effects by enhancing their preparedness. Fourth, China has established Emergency Rescue and Disaster Relief Response System, which substantially Improves its Emergency Handling Capabilities. This system immensely improves China's capabilities in emergency handling as it has an emergency fund appropriation mechanism, emergency response mechanism, and rescue team system. All these acts support 3 4 MODULE 2 SLP 2 disaster management through emergency rescue, daily help, epidemic prevention, transportation support, and sanitation. Fifth, to improve its disaster relief personnel's quality, China has established a Personnel Training System to educate its disaster relief personnel. Awareness is vital in disaster management, and China embarks in disaster prevention and reduction personnel training and increasing citizen awareness through a national education system. Through practical training, the Chinese government empowers its citizens to participate in disaster prevention and reduction. Given the numbers of citizens-1.2 billion, proper education of these citizens is an asset when hit with a disaster. Lastly, China's international cooperation in the reduction and prevention of disasters is an asset in mitigating its disaster as the international community provides essential support in mitigating disasters. China has engagements with most of the UN's disaster-reduction programs such as UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, UN Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, UN World Food Program, the UN Development Program, among others. Cooperation in these organizations provides China with adequate resources in its disaster-reduction initiatives. Question 2 Describe at least one additional measure that has not been implemented, which would mitigate against your selected disaster. China seems to have implemented most of the preplanning measures. However, most of their decision-making models may be inefficient in times of uncertainty. It relies on the decisionmakers to strike a balance between multiple criteria and a myriad of alternates. Despite the model's efficiency in normal operating conditions, it may prove ineffective in disasters where 5 MODULE 2 SLP 2 developments are unexpected and time is inadequate to gather data before considering tradeoffs (Olson & Wu, 2010). Therefore, one additional measure that is yet to be implemented and may be vital in aiding preparedness in decision-making is the use of prediction markets. Prediction markets will offer a unique focus best suited for the uncertainties of disasters. It is based on the knowledge of several interdisciplinary individuals, none of who is entirely versed with disaster management but who in aggregate offer broad insights. The accuracy of prediction markets has been proven before predicting elections or product demand and might be successfully implemented to predict natural disasters (Olson & Wu, 2010). Question 3 Evaluate this mitigation strategy using FEMA’s criteria for evaluating mitigation strategies Before updating China’s mitigation strategy, the following have to be considered: Mitigation goal validation: after assessing China's mitigation strategy, there is a gap for better decision-making frameworks. The current framework puts too much pressure on the decision-maker in times of too much uncertainty. This strategy will be pivotal in addressing the vulnerability of populations and communities and China's asset vulnerability. It offers a decisionmaking model that makes it easier for the decision-maker to make critical decisions in a time of uncertainty. Review, evaluate, and update existing mitigation actions. There is a need to constantly update the current mitigation actions since new data and methods come to light to enable better disaster preparedness. In addition, hazard impacts, mitigation goals and capabilities, and 6 MODULE 2 SLP 2 objectives may fluctuate over time (FEMA EMI, 2021); thus, China may have to work harder to realize new mitigation actions for its 2021-2025 Action Plan. Identification of any new mitigation actions: the further mitigation action with the potential to improve China's mitigation strategy is the use of prediction markets. However, for efficient collaboration in implementing this action, since it incorporates different agencies and entities, there will be a need to include it in the action plan. Integrating it in the action plan will provide stakeholders with important timelines, goals, and targeted hazards. Identifying funding sources: Determining funding sources is essential as it increases the likelihood of states to fund the action when funds arise. If it were to be supported by FEMA, this mitigation strategy would be financed by the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (FEMA EMI, 2021). However, this strategy can be funded by the different institutions that deal with disaster management for the Chinese government. It relies on individuals from various institutions to form an interdisciplinary approach. Conclusion In conclusion, it seems China learns from its experiences over the years. This can be seen in its disaster mitigation measures that are streamlined and reflect preparedness. From monitoring to enhance preparedness to actions aimed at mitigating adverse effects after an episode, its mitigation measures not only wait for a disaster before responding. Environmental measures and regulations aimed at mitigating artificial ecological impacts are also used to minimize interference with the Eco-system. However, given the heightened tensions in times of a disaster, China can employ prediction markets to enhance its decision-making capabilities, thus maximizing the potential of its mitigation measures. 7 MODULE 2 SLP 2 Reference FEMA EMI. (2021). Introduction to Mitigation. Retrieved from Scroll down to IS393.A-Lesson 4, “Building and Implementing a Community Hazard Mitigation Plan.”: http://training.fema.gov/EMIWeb/IS/is393alst.asp Kang, Y. (2015). Disaster Management in China in a Changing Era. London: SpringerBrief in Political Science. Lixin, Y., Lingling, G., Dong, Z., Junxue, Z., & Zhanwu, G. (2012). An analysis of disasters management system in China. Natural hazards, 60(2), 295-309. Olson, D. L., & Wu, D. D. (2010). Earthquakes and risk Management in China. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment, 16(3), 478-493.