Homework answers / question archive / Reproductive system Reminders for this week New content to digest: Reproductive and nervous systems OpenStax optional reading: Chapters 43 and 35 What is due by 11:59 pm on Friday, May 7th? 1

Reproductive system Reminders for this week New content to digest: Reproductive and nervous systems OpenStax optional reading: Chapters 43 and 35 What is due by 11:59 pm on Friday, May 7th? 1

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Reproductive system Reminders for this week New content to digest: Reproductive and nervous systems OpenStax optional reading: Chapters 43 and 35 What is due by 11:59 pm on Friday, May 7th? 1. Quiz #6 (in the week 15 Bb folder) 2. Assignment #11 (linked in syllabus and in week 15 Bb folder) Please fill out your PTEs for this class! Evaluation of Dr. McCord Reproductive system: Diversity! There are numerous methods used by organisms to reproduce One way is NOT necessarily better than the others! Asexual reproduction: pros and cons Offspring are genetically identical to parent LOTS of offspring ← Limited genetic diversity Asexual reproduction: how it’s done Sexual reproduction: pros and cons ← Genetic diversity But it takes two → Sexual reproduction: Sex determination Sexual reproduction: Sex determination Sexual reproduction: External fertilization Common in aquatic environments Is typically a quantity > quality approach to sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction: Internal fertilization Most often used by land-based animals Protects fertilized eggs → fewer young with higher chance of survival Sexual reproduction: Internal fertilization Oviparity Ovoviviparity Viviparity Human reproductive anatomy Early on, gonads are undifferentiated until testosterone is released (or not) Male reproductive anatomy Male reproductive anatomy: sperm and semen Acrosome allows sperm to penetrate the protective lining of an egg Female reproductive anatomy: External Female reproductive anatomy: Internal Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis See OpenStax Fig. 43.12 Gametogenesis: Oogenesis See OpenStax Fig. 43.13 Human reproductive hormones Male hormones At puberty GnRH stimulates release of FSH & LH FSH → sptermatogenesis LH → stimulates release of testosterone Female hormones ? Anterior pituitary releases LH and FSH ? Developing follicles release estrogen and progesterone Estrogen - growth of endometrium, ovulation, calcium absorption, 2o sexual characteristics Progesterone - endometrial growth and menstrual cycle regulation Ovarian and menstrual cycles Corpus luteum and follicle Endometrium Ovarian cycle Menstrual cycle Pregnancy ? If fertilized, the egg will travel toward the uterus and implant ? Zygote will start releasing ? human chorionic gonadotropin Pregnancy - fetal development Labor and birth Positive feedback loop that is driven by oxytocin Stage 1: cervix thins and opens + uterus contracts Stage 2: baby gets pushed out Stage 3: placenta is birthed Next time: Nervous system Reminders for this week New content to digest: Nervous and reproductive systems OpenStax optional reading: Chapters 43 and 35 What is due by 11:59 pm on Friday, May 7th? 1. Quiz #6 (in the week 15 Bb folder) 2. Assignment #11 (linked in syllabus and in week 15 Bb folder) Please fill out your PTEs for this class! Evaluation of Dr. McCord Today’s content: 1. What is the function of the nervous system? 2. What biodiversity exists among animal nervous systems? 3. What is the structure of neurons and how do they interact with one another? 4. What are the major structures & functions of the CNS & PNS? This stuff is complicated! Today, we’re brushing the surface Invertebrate nervous system: diversity! ? Some animals lack one ? Nerve net ? CNS + PNS ? CNS + PNS + ganglia ? CNS + PNS + specializations Vertebrate nervous system ? Central nervous system ? Peripheral nervous system Where is the vertebrate spinal cord located? Neurons - general features of nerve cells Neurons = cells that can send/receive chemical/electrical signals Dendrites RECEIVE signals whereas axons SEND signals Types of neurons Glial cells Glial cells in general support the function of neurons Central nervous system: Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Peripheral nervous system: Satellite Schwann Back to neurons...how do they communicate? Neurons have charged cellular membranes Resting membrane potential Sodium and chloride are more plentiful OUTSIDE the cell Potassium and organic anions are more plentiful INSIDE the cell Transmission of signal: Action potential Propagation of the action potential Jumping of action potential from node to node saltatory conduction Chemical synapses Synapse - junction between neurons 1- Action potential reaches the axon terminal 2- Neurotransmitter molecules fuse with presynaptic membrane 3-Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft and binds with receptors on postsynaptic membrane → Excitatory or inhibitory effect in postsynaptic neuron Electrical synapses Presynaptic and postsynaptic terminals are physically connected via gap junction Almost instantaneous! The central nervous system (CNS) CNS = brain + spinal cord + meninges The central nervous system - brain Cortex - outermost part of brain. Hills (gyri) and valleys (sulci) The central nervous system - spinal cord White matter + grey matter Dorsal = mostly sensory, Ventral = mostly motor The peripheral nervous system (PNS) PNS contains all the nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS Connects CNS to rest of the body Next week Musculoskeletal system Module 4 review (yes, already!) Assignment #11 ? The purpose of BIO 122 homework assignments is to give you the opportunity to think deeply and critically about the information covered in lecture recordings. The questions below will assess your understanding of course material and provide you with the opportunity to practice answering quiz and exam-like questions in a low-stakes situation that is not timed. ? This assignment will cover information from the “Nervous system” and “Reproductive system” lecture recordings. After watching the appropriate lecture recording, please read through the questions below carefully and provide complete answers to all questions. ? It’s ok to use outside resources and consult with your classmates, but be sure to put your final answers into your own words (plagiarism and copying of any kind will result in a score of 0). ? This assignment is due via the appropriate link on BlackBoard no later than 11:59pm on May 7. Please write your answers in a different color, font, or in bold so they are easily differentiated from the question prompts. 1. In your own words, compare and contrast asexual and sexual reproduction. Be sure to briefly explain the pros and cons of both reproductive strategies (4 pts). 2. What would happen if multiple sperm were to fuse with a single egg? Identify the ploidy of the resultant fertilized egg and whether or not you think this “double fertilization” could lead to a viable pregnancy; be sure to briefly explain your answer (3 pts). 3. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and Parkinson’s are both neurodegenerative diseases that result in the demyelination of nerve cells. Based on what you know about neurophysiology and how neurons send and receive information, how do MS and/or Parkinson’s disease impact the transmission of signals between neurons (4 pts)? 4. Briefly describe the functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system (4 pts).