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Create a question for the E X A M using the course material from weeks 1 through 15

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Create a question for the E X A M using the course material from weeks 1 through 15. You need to create an original question NOT to reuse questions that were already used during the semester. Also, the questions should be appropriate for the course content discussed in the class (e.g., students in more advanced courses tend to put questions that are beyond what we discussed in class, remember that this is a 100-level course).

The topic to be used to develop your question should be based on the last digit of your Red ID:

1-2: Castles OR Venice

3-4: Learning from failures (Code of Ethics OR Different cases discussed)

5-6: How structures work OR Controlling the interior environment

7-8: The Interstate Highway System OR the Transcontinental Railroad

9-0: Panama Canal OR Future of Construction

The answer to this extra credit assignment has three parts:

1. The main question (e.g., where is San Diego State Located?)

2. The answers (e.g., a) CA, b) NV, c) TX, d) FL d) answers...)

3. The correct answer to the question clearly indicated. (e.g., a) CA)

Why does The Built Environment Fail? (Focus on Ethics) Learning Outcomes • Outcome 4: Recognize ethical and professional responsibilities in engineering situations and make informed judgments, which must consider the impact of engineering solutions in global, economic, environmental, and societal contexts. • Outcome 10: Explain basic legal and ethical concepts and the importance of professional engineering licensure in the construction industry. Saffron Blaze, CC BY-SA 3.0 The Leaning Tower of Pisa • Pisa, Italy • Built during medieval times • Started 12th century • About 200 years to finish • Leaned 5.5 degrees, now less than 4.0 degrees • Geotechnical issue: • Soft ground • Foundations Canon 1: Hold Safety Paramount ASCE Code of Ethics (Previous Canons) Canon 2: Service with Competence Canon 3: Issue True Statements Canon 4: Act as a Faithful Agent Canon 5: Reputation by Merit Canon 6: Uphold Professional Honor Canon 7: Continue Professional Development Canon 8: Treat all Persons Fairly ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) Engineers govern their professional careers on the following fundamental principles: • create safe, resilient, and sustainable infrastructure; • treat all persons with respect, dignity, and fairness in a manner that fosters equitable participation without regard to personal identity; • consider the current and anticipated needs of society; and • utilize their knowledge and skills to enhance the quality of life for humanity. ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) 1. SOCIETY Engineers: a. first and foremost, protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public; b. enhance the quality of life for humanity; c. express professional opinions truthfully and only when founded on adequate knowledge and honest conviction; d. have zero tolerance for bribery, fraud, and corruption in all forms, and report violations to the proper authorities; e. endeavor to be of service in civic affairs; e. treat all persons with respect, dignity, and fairness, and reject all forms of discrimination and harassment; f. acknowledge the diverse historical, social, and cultural needs of the community, and incorporate these considerations in their work; g. consider the capabilities, limitations, and implications of current and emerging technologies when part of their work; and h. report misconduct to the appropriate authorities where necessary to protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public. https://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) 2. NATURAL AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT Engineers: a. adhere to the principles of sustainable development; b. consider and balance societal, environmental, and economic impacts, along with opportunities for improvement, in their work; c. mitigate adverse societal, environmental, and economic effects; and d. use resources wisely while minimizing resource depletion. https://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) 3. PROFESSION Engineers: a. uphold the honor, integrity, and dignity of the profession; b. practice engineering in compliance with all legal requirements in the jurisdiction of practice; c. represent their professional qualifications and experience truthfully; d. reject practices of unfair competition; e. promote mentorship and knowledge-sharing equitably with current and future engineers; f. educate the public on the role of civil engineering in society; and g. continue professional development to enhance their technical and non-technical competencies. https://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) 4. CLIENTS AND EMPLOYERS Engineers: a. act as faithful agents of their clients and employers with integrity and professionalism; b. make clear to clients and employers any real, potential, or perceived conflicts of interest; c. communicate in a timely manner to clients and employers any risks and limitations related to their work; d. present clearly and promptly the consequences to clients and employers if their engineering judgment is overruled where health, safety, and welfare of the public may be endangered; e. keep clients’ and employers’ identified proprietary information confidential; f. perform services only in areas of their competence; and g. approve, sign, or seal only work products that have been prepared or reviewed by them or under their responsible charge. https://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf ASCE Code of Ethics (Current version) 5. PEERS Engineers: a. only take credit for professional work they have personally completed; b. provide attribution for the work of others; c. foster health and safety in the workplace; d. promote and exhibit inclusive, equitable, and ethical behavior in all engagements with colleagues; e. act with honesty and fairness on collaborative work efforts; f. encourage and enable the education and development of other engineers and prospective members of the profession; g. supervise equitably and respectfully; h. comment only in a professional manner on the work, professional reputation, and personal character of other engineers; and i. report violations of the Code of Ethics to the American Society of Civil https://www.asce.org/uploadedFiles/About_ASCE/Ethics/Content_Pieces/Code-of-Ethics-July-2017.pdf Engineers. Tacoma Narrows Bridge, WA “The most spectacular failure in bridge engineering” Designed by consultant Leon Moisseiff of New York, two of his latest bridges were experiencing similar movements, on a much smaller scale. In the early morning hours of November 7, 1940 strong winds blew through the Narrows from the southwest. (Washington DOT: https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/connections/connection s3.htm) The bridge began undulating, "galloping," with several waves 2 to 5 feet high. At 7:30 a.m. the wind measured 38 miles per hour. The Toll Bridge Authority contracted with engineering Professor F. Bert Farquharson at the University of Washington. At 11:02, a 600-foot long section of roadway in the eastern half of the center span (the "Gig Harbor quarter point") of the heaving bridge broke free. https://www.youtub e.com/watch?v=jzczJXSxnw Tacoma Narrows Bridge - Outcome In March 1941 the Carmody Board announced its findings. Three key points stood out: (1) The principal cause of the Narrows Bridge's failure was its "flexibility;" (2) the solid plate girder and deck acted like an airfoil, creating "drag" and "lift;" and (3) aerodynamic forces were little understood, and engineers needed to test all suspension bridge designs thoroughly using models in a wind tunnel. The Board refused to blame any one person. The entire engineering profession was responsible, said the experts. They exonerated Leon Moisseiff. However, after November 7, 1940, his services were not in high demand. WA DOT https://www.wsdot.wa.gov/tnbhistory/connections/connections4.htm Oroville Dam, CA • 70 miles north of Sacramento • “Earthfill dam (consisting of an impervious core surrounded by sands, gravels, and rockfill materials) that creates a reservoir that can hold 3.5 million acre-feet of water.” • “Protects downstream residents from the flood-prone Feather River – the main feeder of the State Water Project, which sends water all the way to Southern California and serves 25 million people and 4 million to 5 million acres of farmland along the way.” https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/oroville-dam Oroville Dam Failure “In early 2017, substantial runoff from the Sierra Nevada filled up Lake Oroville, forcing the release of a large volume of water down the dam’s concrete spillway. The force of the release gouged a large crater in the concrete spillway and required the California Department of Water Resources (DWR) to halt water releases via that conduit.” https://www.watereducation.org/aquapedia/oroville-dam Oroville Dam’s spillway expeditious emergency rebuild https://www.enr.com/videos?bctid=5671 167289001 Oroville Dam Citicorp Building, NY “To reduce the building costs original design's welded joints were changed to bolted joints during construction. As designed, the building could sustain a direct, straight-on hit from hurricanelevel winds. But if hurricane-speed winds hit two of the four outer walls simultaneously at a 45-degree angle there was the potential for failure due to the bolts shearing.” (http://www.bigapplesecrets.com/2014/01/citigroup-center-part-2-disaster-that.html) Millenium Bridge, London https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mill.bridge.from.tate.modern.arp.jpg https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Fig-1-Section-of-a-typical-fluid-viscousdamper_fig1_301775222 ENGINEERS ARE NOT INFALLIBLE • FIRST: Read article posted on ASCE Civil Engineering magazine • https://www.asce.org/question-of-ethicsarticles/mar-2020/ • NEXT: Q&A https://connecticuthistory.org/almost-a-tragedy-the-collapse-of-thehartford-civic-center/