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Homework answers / question archive / Outing to Activity: Reflect on your previous reading and writing experience (in English or another language), and complete the table below (if you have not done an outline before, think about how you may want to outline for the research paper assignment for 20C)

Outing to Activity: Reflect on your previous reading and writing experience (in English or another language), and complete the table below (if you have not done an outline before, think about how you may want to outline for the research paper assignment for 20C)

Writing

Outing to Activity: Reflect on your previous reading and writing experience (in English or another language), and complete the table below (if you have not done an outline before, think about how you may want to outline for the research paper assignment for 20C). After you finish your reflection, compare your answers with a partner. Questions to consider Your reflection Have you done an outline before? In what language? In what contexts and for what purposes did you do an outline? What did you include in your outline? How general or detailed was your outline? Did you find outlining helpful for the contexts/purposes? Why or why not? 0 4.3 Activity 3.pdf Homework Statements (about outlining) Do you agree? An outline has to be very short and only includes my big points. Yes/No/Maybe When writing my paper, I need to follow my outline and cover all the points. I should not make any changes to my outline. Yes/No/ Maybe An outline works the best if it is detailed. For example, if I am outlining for a research paper assignment, I would want to include what my big points are, how I want to explain my big points, the sources that I have found useful in my explanations and citations. Yes/No/Maybe When outlining, I should only use phrases, not complete sentences. Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe My outline is for my own purpose, so it doesn't have to be well organized. In my outline, I need to differentiate between information taken from sources and my own analysis and explanations. I need to provide accurate citations for information taken from sources. Yes/No/Maybe If I want to include a quote in my outline, I don't have to use quotation marks around it or provide a citation, because the outline Yes/No/Maybe is just a plan and my professor will not see it. I don't need to worry about plagiarism when doing an outline. For an outline, I always need to have three points. For example, if my question is why people procrastinate, I will have three reasons for my Yes/No/Maybe outline and paper. An outline is a short piece. I can finish it within ten minutes. Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Since the purpose of outlining is to plan and prepare for my actual writing, I want to spend sufficient time revising it. I will not start writing until I feel confident about my outline/plan. I want to avoid the situation where I have completed three pages of writing and then realize that I want to change the point. For an outline, I want to use different levels of bullet points to show the different levels of my points and explanations. I need to have a clear structure for my outline so I can have some confidence about the structure of my paper . If my outline is not clear, then my paper Download [] Fullscre 411 4.3 Organizing, Analyzing, and Outlining for Research Writing Warm-up activity: Imagine the whole class is writing a research paper on the same research question with the same ten sources. Do you think your paper will be exactly the same as every classmate of yours? Why or why not? What do you think will be the same, and what will be different? Complete the following table and compare your answers with a partner. Did you agree? What will be the same? What will be different? 4.3 Organizing, Analyzing, and Outlining for Research Writing Warm-up Activity: Imagine the whole class is writing a research paper on the same research question with the same ten sources. Do you think your paper will be exactly the same as every classmate of yours? Why or why not? What do you think will be the same, and what will be different? Complete the following table and compare your answers with a partner. Did you agree? A copy of this table is available for download in the navigation tree to the left. File title: 4.3 Warm-up Activity. What will be the same? What will be different? As you gather more sources on your research question, you will also want to start working on a system to organize, annotate, and analyze them. Not all sources are equally informative; not all sources are equally important; not all sources will be used when you write your paper. As you progress in the research process, you will be making decisions about each different source that you have collected, how important or relevant they are, how some of the sources are connected, what you think of the information, and other points. Making connections between your sources and annotating will help you to develop a big picture of the existing ideas and points of view. This is essential for you to formulate your own analysis, claims, and arguments in response to your research question. An effective system for organizing and annotating sources also helps to save time. If your notes about the sources are clear, you would not have to reread every single source again and again, trying to look for certain information When writing your research paper, your main goal is to answer your research question. The sources that you have collected may contain different types of information that would help you to produce an informed answer to the question. Keep in mind that it is not enough just to present each relevant source that you have found and expect the reader to figure out the answer to the question themselves. Your task as a researcher and writer is to try to provide a direct and explicit answer to this question that reflects your analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of the sources. In other words, your sources are not answering your research question for you; instead, you are using the sources formulate your own answer to the research question. In order to generate meaningful analysis and interpretation of the sources, you will first need to decide on a way to organize the sources that you have gathered. There are, of course, a variety of different ways of organizing the same set of sources, depending on what your understanding and perspectives are. Let's look at an example. Imagine you are writing a paper on the following research question: Why do people procrastinate? The question is about reasons why people procrastinate. An intuitive way of organizing your sources is probably to identify the different reasons discussed in the sources and explain them based on your understanding and analysis. What does analysis mean? What counts as analysis? We will use two articles below to illustrate the process of analyzing. When you conduct an actual research project, you will be working with many more sources, but the process is quite similar. Activity 1: Skim the following two articles on the topic of procrastination: • "How Brains of Doers Differ from those of Procrastinators," 2018, Science Daily • "Can Self-Compassion Overcome Procrastination?" 2014, Greater Good Magazine @ 4.3 Activity la Homework Unanswered a. As you read, highlight or underline information from each article that you think is directly relevant to your research question: Why do people procrastinate? Unanswered 4.3 Activity 1b Homework. Unanswered Based on your initial analysis of the information, how would you explain the reasons why some people tend to procrastinate? How many reasons do you think you will include based on the two articles? Briefly note your explanations of the reasons in the space below (remember to double check your paraphrases and make sure that there is no inappropriate textual borrowing) Unanswered Submit Now compare your explanations with a partner. Did the two of you have the exact same Unanswered Now compare your explanations with a partner. Did the two of you have the exact same explanations? Consider the following questions as you discuss. • Did the two of you include the same number of reasons based on the two articles? Did the two of you follow the same order when presenting the different reasons from the two articles? • Did the two of you have the same amount of detail when presenting the different reasons from the two articles? • Did the two of you have the same tone when presenting the different reasons from the two articles? • Did the two of you have the same emphasis when presenting the different reasons from the two articles? • If you have noticed differences between your explanations and your partner's, what do you think these differences mean? Do you think there is a "correct" way of analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting these two sources? Do you think one or both of you need to revise some parts of your explanations? As you may have noticed from the activity, since you and your partner are working with the same two sources, both of your explanations would contain similar content information. In other words, you are both making an effort to accurately represent what the two sources are saying. For example, the Science Daily article is about two different areas in the brain, and the Greater Good Magazine article is on self-compassion. Both articles report some research on the topic of procrastination, and your explanations of how these research projects were designed and implemented would be quite similar to your partner's. However, even though you and your partner are working on the same research question with the same two sources, the two of you probably have differences in terms of how to use the sources to explain your research question. These differences likely come from the different decisions you have made as you analyze, evaluate, and interpret the same information. These differences can show how both of you are actively engaged in critical thinking when working with the information (instead of passively receiving and reporting it). Here are some questions that you may find helpful to consider when working with your sources for a research project: • What connections do I see between the information from the sources and my research question? How does the information help me to answer my research question? • How many points/explanations do I see emerging from the source information in response to my research question? • Are all of the points/explanations equally important? Which of them do I think are more or less) important than others? • What order do I want to use to organize these points/explanations? What is my rationale? Which information from which source(s) do I want to emphasize in my answer to the research question? Why? • Which information from which source(s) do I want to explain in detail? Which information from which source(s) do I not want to explain in detail? Why? • What tone do I want to use when presenting information from different sources? What is my rationale? • What do I think of all the points/explanations that I have developed from the sources? Do I think they address my research question well? Is there anything missing or lacking? Figure 4.3.1 illustrates the different expectations for how we use sources for different purposes. If you are summarizing a source, the goal is to report what the source says. If you are doing research, the goal is to formulate your own answer to the research question based on sources that you have collected. To achieve this goal, you would engage in the processes of analyzing, evaluating and interpreting source information instead of simply reporting what the sources are saying). In other words, your paper is your informed answer to the research question, which reflects your thinking about the issues under discussion Analyze Report Evaluate Interpret What does the source say? What are your thoughts about what the source says? Figure 4.3.1: Using Sources for Different Purposes After you have engaged in several rounds of organizing, analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting your sources and have formulated some of your own thoughts about the research question, you may want to start working on an outline. Activity 2a-b: 4.3 Activity 2a: New Word Outlining Homework – Unanswered Have you heard of the concept of outlining? It is generally considered an important process for academic writing tasks. Look up this word in a dictionary and record its definitions here. Remember to use quotation marks if you are copying the definition from the dictionary Unanswered Submit Activity 2b: Reflect on your previous reading and writing experience in English or another language), and complete the table that is available as a fillable PDF in the navigation tree to the left, File title: 4.3 Activity 2b. If you have not done an outline before, think about how you may want to outline for the research paper assignment for 20C. After you finish your reflection, compare your answers with a partner. Activity 3: Below are some statements written by previous students about outlining for academic writing. Work with a partner and discuss if you agree with the statements. Highlight your answers below. This activity is also available for download in the navigation tree to the left. File title: 4.3 Activity 3. 3 Do you agree? Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Statements (about outlining) An outline has to be very short and only includes my big points. When writing my paper, I need to follow my outline and cover all the points. I should not make any changes to my outline An outline works the best if it is detailed. For example, if I am outlining for a research paper assignment, I would want to include what my big points are, how I want to explain my big points, the sources that I have found useful in my explanations and citations, When outlining, I should only use phrases, not complete sentences. My outline is for my own purpose, so it doesn't have to be well organized. In my outline, I need to differentiate between information taken from sources and my own analysis and explanations, need to provide accurate citations for information taken from sources. If I want to include a quote in my outline, I don't have to use quotation marks around it or provide a citation, because the outline is just a plan and my professor will not see it. I don't need to worry about plagiarism when doing an outline For an outline, I always need to have three points. For example, if my question is why people procrastinate, I will have three reasons for my outline and paper, An outline is a short piece. I can finish it within ten minutes Since the purpose of outlining is to plan and prepare for my actual writing, I want to spend sufficient time revising it. I will not start writing untill feel confident about my outline/plan. I want to avoid the situation where I have completed three pages of writing and then realize that I want to change the point. For an outline, I want to use different levels of bullet points to show the different levels of my points and explanations. I need to have a clear structure for my outline so I can have some confidence about the structure of my paper. If my outline is not clear, then my paper probably will not be clear either. Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe Yes/No/Maybe / Yes/No/Maybe As you may have noticed in your discussion, outlining can be a useful tool for academic writing as you prepare for a big project such as a research paper. Before you start writing your paragraphs, you would want to spend some time developing a detailed plan for your writing, refining and revising it until you feel confident about how the plan will turn out. In this process, you may need to revisit some of your sources, modify your analysis, rearrange the order of some of your points, formulate new points, etc. This process will probably require a substantial amount of time, and you will likely need to revisit your outline a few times before you settle on a plan that you are happy with. As you start writing, you may realize that parts of your outline do not seem to be working very well, and you would like to change your outline. This actually happens quite often. Keep in mind that your outline is just a plan, and therefore is subject to change Compared with the actual writing an outline is a much shorter piece. However, an outline that is too general and does not contain sufficient information will probably not be that helpful. Activity 4: Here is an outline created by a previous student based on the research question: why do people procrastinate? Discuss in groups whether you think the outline is effective by addressing the following questions: 4.3 Activity 4 Homework. Unanswered 1. Does the outline show that the student's paper will have a complete too general and does not contain suficient information will probably not be that helpful. Activity 4: Here is an outline created by a previous student based on the research question: why do people procrastinate? Discuss in groups whether you think the outline is effective by addressing the following questions: 4.3 Activity 4 Homework. Unanswered 1. Does the outline show that the student's paper will have a complete structure, including title, introduction, body paragraphs, conclusion, reference list, etc.? 2. Does the outline show that the student has conducted research on the question and plans to use sources in writing the paper? 3. Does the outline show how many sources and which parts of the different sources the student plans to use when writing the paper? 4. Does the outline show the main points that the student will discuss in the paper? What do you think of the points included? Unanswered Submit Why Do People Procrastinate? • Background information + thesis statement • Main Body: Reason #1: Physical differences (Science Daily article) Reason #2: Self-control Reason #3: Motivation Reason #4: Stress • Last paragraph: Summarize main points + present suggestions/recommendations As you probably have discussed in your group, this outline has a fairly clear structure, but it is too general of a plan for the paper. When the student starts the writing process, he/she will likely need to go through the sources again and identify information that he/she wants to use in developing the points. A plan that does not include sufficient details is likely more difficult to implement. Activity 5: Based on the feedback received from the instructor and classmates, the student decides to revise the outline. See the revised version on the next page. What differences do you notice? Discuss the following questions with a partner. @ 4.3 Activity 5a Homework – Unanswered Questions about the title: 1. What do you think of using the research question as the paper title? Is this effective? 2. Would you revise the title? If so, how? Would you want to use a subtitle? Why? Unanswered Submit 4.3 Activity 5b e Homework Unanswered Questions about the introduction: 1. How long do you think the introduction needs to be? Does the introduction always have to be one paragraph? 2. What do you think of the components included in the introduction section? Would you include all the components in your own introduction? 3. What do you think of the thesis statement in the outline? Is it clear? Is it specific? 4. What do you think of using "" or "We" in a thesis statement? For example: "In this paper, I will talk about scientific explanations for procrastination and explore the complexity of this common behavior by looking at both the physical and psychological perspectives." Unanswered Submit e 4.3 Activity sc Homework. Unanswered Questions about the main body: 1. What do you think of the organization of the main points? Compare the student's first draft and this revised outline. Which version do you think is more effective? Why? 2. What do you think of including citations in the outline? Is it helpful for writing the paper? The student has numbered the sources that would be used (Source #1, Source 12, etc.). Would you use a different way in your own outline? Main body in first draft: 1. Reason 1: Physical differences 2. Reason 2: Self-control 3. Reason 3: Motivation 4.Reason 114: Stress Main body in revised outline: 1. Reason 1: Physical differences 2. Reason #2: Psychological causes 2a) Lack of self-control 2b) Lack of motivation 2c) Stress Unanswered Submit 4.3 Activity Sd Homework. Unanswered Question about the conclusion: How long do you think the conclusion needs to be? Would you include all the components in your own conclusion? Unanswered Submit Why Do People Procrastinate? Outline • Introduction (12 paragraphs): Describe a procrastination scenario: my own example of writing this paper Define what procrastination is from a scientific point of view (quote Source #1, paragraph 2) Explain why I think it is important to research the question Thesis statement: This paper seeks to discuss scientific explanations for procrastination and explore the complexity of this common behavior by looking at both the physical and psychological perspectives. Main Body: Reason #1 (one paragraph): Physical differences may be the first consideration for procrastination Introduce brain structures that have been found to be responsible for completing tasks on time (Source #2, Source #3, see notes for quotes paraphrases) Explain how the brain structures may work differently for people who tend to procrastinate (Source #3, Source #4, see notes for quotes) Briefly discuss what this means for understanding procrastination Reason #2 (3-4 paragraphs): Psychological causes may also explain why some people tend to procrastinate more than others. Lack of self-control and the tendency to be distracted (Source #5, Source #8) • Describe the studies • Explain what the findings mean Lack of interest in and motivation for the task (Source #6, Source #7) • Describe the studies • Explain how lack of motivation may be linked to procrastination Stress and anxiety (Source #8, Source #9. Source #10) • Define stress and anxiety Synthesize the research on this and explain the connections between stress and procrastination • Conclusion (1 paragraph): Summarize the physical and psychological reasons for the behavior of procrastination o Explain what these reasons mean for developing a better understanding of procrastination O Briefly discuss what kinds of research need to be carried out in the future • References: APA style will be used, and the list will be on a separate page CHAPTER REFLECTION Assigned as Homework 4.3 Chapter Reflection Based on the discussion in this chapter, what is your current understanding of organizing analyzing and outlining for research writing? What is your plan for the 20C research project? Briefly describe your plan Responses CHAPTER RESEARCH 4.3 Chapter Research Homework. Unanswered What is your outlining plan for the 20C research project? Consider the following questions. 1. How detailed would you want your outline be? Why? 2. What components would you include in your outline? Why? 3. Would you include direct quotes from sources in your outline, or would you include your paraphrases of the sources in your outline? Why? 4. Would you include in-text citations and a reference list? Why? 

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