1. What are specific ways that women are targets of physical and sexual violence in the U.S and globally? 

Violence against women, primarily romantic partner and sexual violence, is a significant public health problem and also a violation of women's fundamental rights. Regardless of the fact that several people and organizations actively collaborated to protect and reduce violence against women in the United States and throughout the world, the amounts of victims remain staggering. According to WHO's statistics, around one-third (30%) of women reported having experienced physical and/or sexual intimate relationship abuse or non-partner sexual violence in their lives worldwide. The majority of this violence is usually committed by intimate partners. Around one third (27%) of women aged 15-49 who were in a relationship claim that their intimate partner have subjected them to some kind of physical and/or sexual violence. Conversely, 6% of women worldwide report having been sexually attacked by someone other than their husband or partner. Furthermore, violence against women hits low and lower-middle-income regions and areas disproportionately.

 

2. Define Infantcide.

Infantcide, often known as infant homicide, is the deliberate killing of newborns or their children. Infanticide was a widespread procedure across history of mankind that was primarily used to kill of undesirable children, with the primary goal of preventing resources from being spent on weak or weakened kids. Unwanted newborns were often abandoned to fend for themselves, but in other communities, they were actively slaughtered. It was formerly a common practice in many communities and was sanctioned by many cultures all over the world. Now it is regarded an immoral crime, yet it is still carried out. Infanticide is uncommon after such rites, although murdering a child before them is still not considered homicide. Infanticide is typically hard to identify since most fatalities are classified as stillbirths or children are simply not documented at the civil registration after delivery.

 

3. Define Toxic Masculinity

Toxic masculinity is the view that certain people's definition of "manliness" encourages control, homophobia, and hostility. It's not only about acting like a man. Instead, it refers to the overwhelming pressure that certain men may experience to behave in a destructive manner. This belief that men must look strong and avoid exhibiting any feelings may be destructive to their psychological health and have major societal implications, that's how it began to be called as "toxic masculinity."

 

4. What is rape culture and why is it so pervasive in society today? 

Rape culture is one in which sexual abuse is considered the norm and victims are condemned with their own offenses. It is not only about sexual assault, but also about cultural norms and practices that defend rapists, encourage injustice, humiliate victims, and require women to make excessive sacrifices to avoid sexual assault. Rape culture is so common in today's society because of social views around sexuality and gender identity. It imposes pressure on women to give up their rights and opportunities in order to be secure, because it places the duty of security on women's shoulders and condemns them whenever they fail. As a consequence, some possibilities are closed off to women, while others are constrained by costly safety procedures.

 

5. Define Feminist theory and explain the difference between Liberal and Radical Feminism. Pros and Cons for each. 

Feminist theory is a prominent subfield of sociology that moves its principles, analytical lens, and thematic focus away towards male perspectives and experiences and toward those of women. It sheds light on societal problems, trends, and topics that are otherwise neglected or misinterpreted by social theory's traditionally dominating male perspective. Individualism, the view that the human person is all-important and hence that all individuals are of equal moral value and are provided with appropriate treatment irrespective of gender, ethnicity, color, faith, or religion, underpins Liberal Feminism. Its benefit is that it is based on the desire for racial equality. However, it has frequently been criticized of being privileged white feminism because only women who are educated and socially well-off can benefit from a broader education and professional options. As a result, it refuses to tackle the issue of working-class women, black women, and women in developing countries.

 

Radical Feminism, on the other hand, holds that sexual oppression is by far the most basic aspect of society and that the other types of injustice, such as class, exploitation, and race intolerance, are just secondary. It is adamant about emphasizing patriarchy's involvement in women's sexual subjugation. Its benefits include increased educational quality, relational equality, and reviewing and breaking down traditional gender norms in partnerships. However, it was designed to eliminate the core cause of the male dominating hierarchical structure and was only useful for a limited time.

 

6. Explain Black Feminism and Transnational Feminism. Pros and Cons for each. 

Black feminism focuses on the experiences of black women, attempting to comprehend their position with respect to racial prejudice, gender discrimination, and class discrimination, as well as some other political and social identities. Its benefit is based on the notion that black women are intrinsically important, and that their emancipation is required not as an auxiliary to someone else's, but because of our desire for freedom as human beings. There have been no known drawbacks since it emphasizes and interacts with the numerous parts of identities that women have, which would have been crucial because it provided them the chance to discuss being black as well as gender injustice.

 

Transnational Feminism, on the other hand, refers to either a current feminist ideology and the related active movement. Both ideas and activist tactics are concerned by how globalization and capitalism influence people of all nationalities, ethnicities, genders, social classes, and sexualities. It is helpful because it includes activist organizations from all over the world working together to grasp the role of gender, the authority, ethnicity, wealth, and sexual orientation in criticising and fighting patriarchal, capitalist power systems. However, this may result in disproportionate benefits for women, leading to a situation in which women have all of the advantages and males have all of the disadvantages.

 

7. Describe one campus-based program designed to fight sexual violence at colleges and universities. 

One example of a campus-based program meant to combat sexual assault at colleges and universities is Bringing in the Bystander. It is a sexual violence technique to prevent focused at boosting prosocial attitudes and actions toward hazardous behaviors and antecedents to sexual victimization among possible bystanders and third-party witnesses. It also strives to raise empathy and understanding of the issues faced by victims of sexual and intimate relationship violence. The curriculum highlights the importance of everyone in the community playing a role in avoiding sexual and intimate relationship abuse. It is normally applied over the course of multiple sessions lasting 4.5 hours, although a 90-minute version is also offered. After two months, a boosting session may be administered. The program's content consists of various aspects that work together to make people aware of sexual and intimate partner abuse and to foster prosocial attitudes and actions targeted at preventing and intervening in such cases. Bringing in the Bystander is frequently used to teach college students on a university campus.

 

 

References:

https://www.who.int/news/item/09-03-2021-devastatingly-pervasive-1-in-3-women-globally-experience-violence

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/070674377502000110#:~:text=For%20the%20purpose%20of%20this,post%2Dpartum%20(17).

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/toxic-masculinity

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0972558X20952987

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24353977

https://ischool-fsu.libguides.com/blackfeminism/blackfeminism

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0006.xml

https://crimesolutions.ojp.gov/ratedprograms/159#pd

Step-by-step explanation

Answere were based on my own understanding and research about the topics.