Question 1.

Universal healthcare would provide all Americans with healthcare coverage, regardless of their income or health status. It would be funded by the government, and would likely include a variety of public and private healthcare providers. Supporters of universal healthcare argue that it would improve access to healthcare, reduce costs, and improve the overall health of the population.

Question  2.
There are a few different proposals in Congress that would try to solve the problem of surprise medical billing. One proposal would create a database of all out-of-network doctors and hospitals, so patients would know before they go in which doctors and hospitals are in their network. Another proposal would require doctors and hospitals to disclose their out-of-network rates to patients before they receive care. I think these proposals would work to some extent, but they would not completely solve the problem of surprise medical billing.

Step-by-step explanation

• Question 1.
• American healthcare would be drastically altered if universal coverage became a reality. Implementation would be difficult. Proponents, on the other hand, insist on universal healthcare because they believe it is important to increase public access to medical treatment, lower costs, and enhance health outcomes for all people.
• In the United States, universal healthcare would imply that everyone has access to quality medical treatment at a reasonable cost. A new public healthcare system or an expansion of Medicare to cover all Americans would be necessary to accomplish this goal. If everyone had access to healthcare regardless of income or health status, then universal healthcare would be a good thing for everyone. 
• Uninsured Americans generally wind up paying more for healthcare services, so this would help keep costs down. While universal healthcare has numerous advantages, it also has significant problems. Healthcare reform advocates say it would be more expensive and less efficient to implement a government-run system.
•  Some people believe that if everyone had access to healthcare, it would lead to increased wait times and a decline in service quality. In the end, Congress and the President must make the policy decision on whether or not to implement universal healthcare. There is no one-size-fits-all solution to healthcare reform, and the discussion is certain to rage on.
• Question  2.
• Surprise medical billing is the subject of at least three distinct congressional initiatives. Proposals to build out-of-network doctor and hospital databases are among them. Patients could be forced to know up front how much their care will cost if their doctors and facilities aren't in their insurance network. There is no guarantee that these proposals will fix the underlying issue of surprise medical expenditures.
• There are a number of suggestions in Congress to modify the way we pay for out-of-network healthcare, which is a major concern in the United States. Creating a database of all doctors and hospitals outside of a patient's insurance network would be one option under consideration. Another idea calls for doctors and hospitals to inform patients in advance of any out-of-network fees they will charge.
• Congress' ideas to rein in surprise billing are a good start, but they don't go far enough. A database of out-of-network doctors and hospitals and a requirement that providers reveal their out-of-network rates to patients before they receive care are great first steps, but no law exists to force doctors and hospitals to stop charging outrageous charges for services.
• Proposals to address the issue of unexpected medical bills are being discussed in Congress. Creating a database of all doctors and hospitals outside of a patient's insurance network would be one option under consideration. Another idea calls for doctors and hospitals to inform patients in advance of any out-of-network fees they will charge.
•  It is possible that most or all of the doctors at an in-network hospital are out-of-network, or an in-network doctor orders tests from an out-of-network lab, even if these suggestions are implemented to their full potential.

References

1. Erondu, N. A., Martin, J., Marten, R., Ooms, G., Yates, R., & Heymann, D. L. (2018). Building the case for embedding global health security into universal health coverage: a proposal for a unified health system that includes public health. The Lancet, 392(10156), 1482-1486.

2. Edwards III, G. C. (2021). Was Donald Trump an Effective Leader of Congress?. Presidential Studies Quarterly, 51(1), 4-34.