Correct option is a. Throughput Costing .

Throughput costing consider only direct material cost as the true variable cost and the other variable cost relating to production are consider as the period cost , hence in Throughput costing inventory are value based on Direct material cost.

Absorption costing consider all the cost relating to production ie variable as well as Fixed but does not consider period cost . Absoption costing give the higher value of Inventories as it carries fixed cost also .

Variable costing also known as Marginal costing consider only Variable Product cost it consider all variable cost relating to production ie Direct as well as Indirect .

Direct Costing varies with Variable costing as it only condier Direct Variable cost for valuation of Inventories

Option D is the most correct statement

(A) The income tax payable is calculated by applying the applicable tax rates on the taxable income of the tax payer. Tax offsets, if any applicable, should be deducted and not added to the tax payable.

(B) Income tax is payable not only by individuals and companies but by all assessees specified under income tax act, be it partnership firm or LLP or a trust or any other artificial judicial person.

(C) Medilevy applies to only those taxpayers who have taxable income above a prescribed level.

(D) The rates of tax vary depending on the nature of the taxpayer and also depend on whether such person is a resident or a foreign resident.