Homework answers / question archive / Harvard System of Referencing: Basic Concepts Referencing Guide- Anglia Ruskin University The following is a brief guide to the Harvard Referencing System adapted from the Anglia Ruskin Guide

Harvard System of Referencing: Basic Concepts Referencing Guide- Anglia Ruskin University The following is a brief guide to the Harvard Referencing System adapted from the Anglia Ruskin Guide

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Harvard System of Referencing: Basic Concepts Referencing Guide- Anglia Ruskin University The following is a brief guide to the Harvard Referencing System adapted from the Anglia Ruskin Guide. A full copy of the guide can be downloaded from: 1. Plagiarism Plagiarism is passing off the work of others as your own. This constitutes academic theft and is a serious matter which will be penalised when your dissertation is marked. Examples of plagiarism are: ? ? ? verbatim copying of another person’s work without acknowledgement close paraphrasing of another person’s work by simply changing a few words or altering the order of presentation without acknowledgement unacknowledged quotation of phrases from another person’s work and/or presentation of another person’s idea(s) as one’s own Copying or close paraphrasing with occasional acknowledgement of the source may also be deemed to be plagiarism if the absence of quotation marks implies that the phraseology is the student’s own. Plagiarised work may belong to another student or be from a published source such as a book, report, journal, or material available on the internet.” To avoid being accused of plagiarism, follow the guidelines in this section for citations and references. 2. Citation and referencing During the course of writing your dissertation you should support your arguments by reference to other published work. These references may be from work presented in journal or newspaper articles, government reports, books or specific chapters of books, research dissertations, or theses, material over the internet etc. Citation is the practice of referring to the work of other authors in the text of your work. Such works are cited to show evidence both of the background reading that has been done and to support the content and conclusions. Each citation requires a reference at the end of the work; this gives the full details of the source item and should enable it to be traced. Referring accurately to such source materials is part of sound academic practice and a skill that should be mastered. Other reasons for accurate citation and referencing are to: ? ? ? give credit to the concepts and ideas of other authors provide the reader (often the marker/examiner of the dissertation) with evidence of the breadth and depth of your reading enable those who read your work to locate the cited references easily Remember to write down the details of all the documents you read. This guide will help you to reference the different sources you access correctly. 2.1 Citing References in text using the Harvard System Any in-text reference should include the authorship and the year of the work. Depending on the nature of the sentence/paragraph that is being written, references to sources may be cited in the text in the following manner: 2.1.1 Author’s name cited in the text When making reference to an author’s work in your text, their name is followed by the year of publication of their work: Example: In general, when writing for a professional publication, it is good practice to make reference to other relevant published work. This view has been supported in the work of Cormack (1994). Where you are mentioning a particular part of the work, and making direct reference to this, a page reference should be included: Example: Cormack (1994, pp. 32-33) states that 'when writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'. 2.1.2 Author’s name not cited directly in the text If you make reference to a work or piece of research without mentioning the author in the text then both the author’s name and publication year are placed at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence in brackets: Example: Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic of writing for a professional audience (Cormack, 1994). 2.1.3 More than one author cited in the text Where reference is made to more than one author in a sentence, and they are referred to directly, they are both cited: Example Jones (1946) and Smith (1948) have both shown … 2.1.4 More than one author not cited directly in the text List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, putting the author’s name, followed by the date of publication and separated by a semi-colon and within brackets. Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first): 2.1.5 No author If the author cannot be identified use ‘Anonymous’ or ‘Anon.’ and the title of the work and date of publication. The title should be written in italics. Every effort should be made to establish the authorship if you intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an academic submission: Example Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999) See pages XX to XX of the Anglia Ruskin Guide for guidance on how to quote from other sources where part of the reference is missing. 2.1.6 Quoting portions of published text If you want to include text from a published work in your essay then the sentence(s) must be included within quotation marks, and may be introduced by such phrases as: the author states that “……..” or the author writes that “……..” The quotation should also be emphasized (especially if it runs to 50 words or more) by indenting it and using quotation marks. This clearly identifies the quotation as the work of someone else: Example On the topic of professional writing and referencing Cormack (1994, p.32) states: 'When writing for a professional readership, writers invariably make reference to already published works'. Quotations should not be more than 4 lines in length. 2.1.7 Secondary sources (second-hand references) You may come across a summary of another author’s work in the source you are reading, which you would like to make reference to in your own document; this is called secondary referencing. Example of a direct reference: Research recently carried out in the Greater Manchester area by Brown (1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that … In this example, Brown is the work which you wish to refer to, but have not read directly for yourself. Bassett is the secondary source, where you found the summary of Brown’s work. Or indirectly: (Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) In the example below White is the primary or original source and Black is the secondary source. It is important to realise that Black may have taken White's ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. If you need to cite a secondary reference it is recommended that, where possible, you read the original source for yourself rather than rely on someone else’s interpretation of a work. Example White, (1990) as cited in Black (1994), suggests that … 2.1.8 Tables and diagrams When reproducing selected data, or copying an entire table or diagram, a reference must be made to the source. A reference within the text to a table taken from e.g. a book should include the author and page (Smith, 2005, p.33) to enable the reader to identify the data. If the source of the data is not the author’s own, but obtained from another source, it becomes a secondary reference and needs to be cited as such: Example (United Nations, 1975 cited in Smith, 2005, p.33) If the table is reproduced in its entirety, place the citation as a footnote. Be particularly careful to note the original source of data, as well as the authorship of the document you are using. Full details should be included in the reference list. 2.1.9 Websites When citing material found on a website, you should identify the authorship of the website. This may be a corporate author, an organisation, or a company; a guide to this can be found by looking at the URL or web address. To find the date of publication, reference to this might be found at the bottom of a web page relating to copyright, or from a date headline. In this example the authorship would be BBC and the date 2009. Example Recent research on meningitis (BBC, 2009) has shown … 2.1.10 Corporate authors If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no personal author then it is usually cited under the body that commissioned the work. This applies to publications by associations, companies, government departments etc. such as Department of the Environment or Royal College of Nursing. It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these bodies, e.g. RCN, in your text, providing that the full name is given at the first citing with the abbreviation in brackets: Example 1st citation: … research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) has shown that … 2nd citation: More recently the RCN (2007) has issued guidelines … Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. Some reports are written by specially convened groups or committees and can be cited by the name of the committee: Committee on Nursing (1972) Select Committee on Stem Cell Research (2002) 3. Compiling the reference list and bibliography 3.1 General guidelines, layout, and punctuation The purpose of a reference list is to enable sources to be easily traced by another reader. Different types of publication require different amounts of information but there are certain common elements such as authorship, year of publication and title. The Harvard Style lays down standards for the order and content of information in the reference. Some variations of layout are acceptable provided that they are used consistently. All Items should be listed alphabetically by author or authorship, regardless of the format, i.e. whether books, websites, or journal articles etc. Where there are several works from one author or source they should by listed together but in date order with the earliest work listed first. 3.2 Books Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference details. The required elements for a book reference are: Author, Initials/First name., Year. Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher. Example Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage. th Baron, David P., 2008. Business and the organisation. 6 ed. Chester (CT): Pearson. 3.2.1 Books with two, three or four authors For books with two, three, or four authors of equal status the names should all be included in the order they appear in the document. Use an ampersand (&) to link the last two multiple authors. The required elements for a reference are: Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher. Example Barker, R. Kirk, J. & Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 3.2.2 E-books For e-books the required elements for a reference are: Author, Year, Title of book. [type of medium] Place of publication: Publisher. Followed by “Available at:” include e-book source and web site address/URL(Uniform Resource Locator) and routing details if needed. [Accessed date]. Example Fishman, R., 2005. The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-book] Chester: Castle Press. Available at: University Library/Digital Library/e-books http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk / E-books [Accessed 5 June 2005]. 3.3 Journal articles and newspapers 3.3.1 Journal articles For journal articles the required elements for a references are: Author, Initials, Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers. Example Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, 42 (6), pp.564-78. Perry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands. Nursing Times, 25 May, 97(22), pp.63-64. 3.3.2 Journal articles from an electronic source For journal articles from an electronic source the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials, Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source. [Accessed date]. Example Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, [Online]. 42 (6), Available at: Blackwell Science Synergy http://www.pol.upenn/articles [Accessed 12 June 2010]. 3.3.3 Journal abstract from a database For a journal abstract from a database where you have been unable to access the full article, the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials, Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, [type of medium] Volume number (Issue/Part number), Page numbers if available, abstract only. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access. [Accessed date]. Example Boughton, J.M., 2002. The Bretton Woods proposal: an in depth look. Political Science Quarterly, [e-journal] 42 (6). Abstract only. Available at:BlackwellScienceSynergydatabase http://www.pol.upenn/articles, Blackwell Science Synergy [Accessed 12 June 2005]. 3.3.4 Newspaper articles For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials, Year. Title of article. Full Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and column line. Example Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p. 4b. 3.3.5 Online newspaper articles For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the required elements for a reference are: Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page. Name of newspaper, [type of medium] additional date information. Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source.[Accessed date]. Example Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. & Smith, D., 2003. Focus: ‘Targetitis ails NHS. Times Online, [internet] 1 June. Available at: http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,,11-1506-669.html [Accessed 17 March 2005]. 3.4. Other types of document There are other types of documents which you may wish to include in your reference list or bibliography. There is no official Harvard guide for these but some suggestions are set out below: 3.4.1 Acts of Parliament The required elements are: Short title with Key words capitalized, which includes the year followed by the chapter number in brackets. Key words of titles are capitalized. Place of publication: Publisher. Example Higher Education Act 2004. (c.8), London: HMSO. For Acts prior to 1963, the regal year and parliamentary session are included: Road Transport Lighting Act 1957. (5&6 Eliz. 2, c.51), London: HMSO. 3.4.2 Statutory Instruments The required elements for a reference are: Short title with Key words capitalized. Year. the abbreviation 'SI' followed by the year of publication and the SI number. Place of publication: Publisher. Example Public Offers of Securities Regulations 1995. SI 1995/1537, London: HMSO. 3.4.3 Command Papers and other official publications The required elements for a reference are: Authorship, which may be part of the title. Year. Title, in italics if a separate element, Command number as it is on the document, within brackets, Place of publication: Publisher. Example Royal Commission on civil liability and compensation for personal injury, 1978. (Pearson Report) (Cmnd. 7054) London: HMSO. 3.4.4 Law report Following normal legal practice the required elements for a reference are: Name of the parties involved in the law case, Year of reporting (in square brackets, where there is no volume) number Law reporting series, Volume, and number, Page reference if available. Example R v White (John Henry) [2005] EWCA Crim 689, 2005 WL 104528. Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832. Saidi v France (1994) 17 EHRR 251, p.245 3.4.5 Annual report The required elements for a reference are: Corporate author, Year*. Full title of annual report, Place of publication: Publisher. Example Marks & Spencer, 2004. The way forward, annual report 2003-2004, London: Marks & Spencer. For an e-version of an annual report the required elements for a reference are: Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or page, [type of medium] Available at: include web site address/URL (Uniform Resource Locator) and additional details of access, such as the routing from the home page of the source. [Accessed date] Example Marks & Spencer, 2004. Annual report 2003-2004. [Online] Available at: http://www-marksand-spencer.co.uk/corporate/annual2003/ [Accessed 4 June 2005] 3.4.5 Dissertation The required elements for a reference are: Author, Year of publication. Title of dissertation. Level. Place of University (If not clear from the name of the University): Name of University. Example Richmond, J., 2005. Customer expectations in the world of electronic banking: a case study of the Bank of Britain. Ph. D. Chelmsford: Anglia Ruskin University. 3.4.6 DVD or video, film and broadcasts The required elements for a reference are: Full title of DVD or video. Year of distribution. [Medium] Director (if relevant) Country or origin: Film studio or maker. (Other relevant details). Example Great films from the 80s: a selection of clips from Warner Brothers top films from the 1980s. 2005 [DVD] New York: Warner Brothers. For a Film the suggested elements should include: Title. Year of release. [Medium] Director. Country of origin: Film studio. Example Macbeth, 1948. [Film] Directed by Orson Wells. USA: Republic Pictures. For a broadcast the suggested elements should include: Series title and episode name and number if relevant, Year of broadcast. [Medium] Broadcasting organisation and Channel, date and time of transmission. Example Little Britain, 2006. [TV programme] BBC, BBC2, 30 January 2006 20.00. NOTE This guide draws information from a number of resources. In particular: The University of Wales Guidelines for Dissertations Anglia Ruskin Guide to Dissertations Anglia Ruskin Guide to the Harvard Referencing System Reproduced with kind permission of Anglian Ruskin University © 2012 © 2012 Anglia Ruskin University All rights reserved