Homework answers / question archive / COLONIAL AMERICA 1 Colonial America Eduard Tangyan West Coast University July 11, 2021 COLONIAL AMERICA 2 Colonial America Introduction The culture in colonial American society was based on both social groups and ethnicities

COLONIAL AMERICA 1 Colonial America Eduard Tangyan West Coast University July 11, 2021 COLONIAL AMERICA 2 Colonial America Introduction The culture in colonial American society was based on both social groups and ethnicities

Sociology

Share With

COLONIAL AMERICA 1 Colonial America Eduard Tangyan West Coast University July 11, 2021 COLONIAL AMERICA 2 Colonial America Introduction The culture in colonial American society was based on both social groups and ethnicities. The culture also varied from one colony to another. Colonists from various countries brought and created new lives. This made the people communicate in many different languages and have many different religions, beliefs, traditions, and customs. History The culture in the colonial American society was mostly centred around agriculture which was the most basic venture for many people in most regions. Although there were also families within colonial American with small family farms, most of them had large plantations, making slave labour a requirement. Additionally, religion still played a significant role in shaping colonial America since the majority of the people were fleeing religious persecutions within their home country hence being one of the key reasons for their development of strict religious-based rules within the areas they settled. Cultural Context The people of the colonial American society spoke in different languages. They also believed in different religions such as Christianity, Islamic, Hinduism and many others. They had many things which held different meanings to different people. The customs of the people differed from one group to the other. Represented In Us Due to the mixture of people from different areas with different customs, religions, beliefs and norms, speaking different languages, they created new lives, and therefore the environment became more vibrant. There was also the rise of an ever-changing social structure among the people as they learnt how to live and coexists with each other. COLONIAL AMERICA 3 Individualistic/Collective The people of colonial America insisted on individualism. They preferred a government that gave them the freedom of competition for their interests and gains rather than competition for the good of everyone in general. The people also fought for collective interests when it came to government and community development. The struggles that colonial America experienced while resisting tyrannical efforts implemented by the British Parliament would eventually result in the American Revolution. That was the key factor that yielded to the Constitution of the United States and the majority of other key documents and principles (Hoffer, 2019). Artistic Some of the customs and traditions developed by colonial America are still part of modern America. The most significant milestones, especially in art and music history, can be traced back to colonial America. The development that the culture contributed towards the industry cannot be overstated. Values During the colonial American society, the people had many values. One of these values included individualism, where each individual worked for their gain. They also valued collectiveness, where they worked together to change the government, fight for better rights as citizens, and make the community better. Religion There were different religions during the time. However, each group felt that their religion was stronger than the other. Therefore, chaos and lack of peace arose from the disagreements. Some people even abandoned their religion to go to the stronger one willingly, while others were forced. Sex And Gender Roles COLONIAL AMERICA 4 The roles for both women and men were different. Women mostly did house chaos, have babies, raise children and take care of the families while men worked in the government and other places. Acculturation Other cultures assimilated many people. People also learnt other people's languages. This mostly applied to where one group was stronger while the other was weaker. The same is for languages since the stronger group used a more spoken language; hence the weak group leant. Conclusion There are various reasons why it is important to study colonial America. One of the key reasons is understanding our cultural heritage. Researching colonial America is also important in discovering some of the key events that have played a critical role in shaping our country. Although people in colonial America were from different places, America eventually became their home. COLONIAL AMERICA 5 Reference Hoffer, P. C. (2019). Law and people in colonial America. Johns Hopkins University Press. WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY Eduard Tangyan West Coast University August 1, 2021 1 WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 2 Abstract Vaccines are a good way to protect individuals from viruses. There are critical points driven by opposing viewpoints supporting why the covid19 vaccine cannot be made mandatory. To attain the purpose of the study, this research paper employs a qualitative research methodology. The paper starts by presenting the anatomical and psychological issues that people experience after receiving the vaccine, mathematical and economic issues surrounding the whole issue of covid19 vaccination. This also includes the ethical and cultural issues and their importance in policy development. This qualitative study gives emphasis on those opposing viewpoints. The results and findings of the study can be understood from two broad perspectives; the ethical and cultural perspective of inquiry and the mathematical and scientific inquiry. Under the ethical perspective, many laws govern vaccines in vaccines, but no specific law mandates the covid19 vaccination. The study has shown many ethical and legal gray areas of major concern. Scientifically, the main supporting argument is the impact of allergic reactions induced by the immune system. Covid19 vaccines affect a number of body systems. Among other side effects, the vaccines can cause long-term body damage varying from one person to the other. While covid19 vaccines are closely tied to the upward recovery of the world economy amid the depression, there is evidence that production is a predicament in achieving economic revolution. The main point is that vaccines that protect individuals against COVID-19 are effective but governments and institutional policymakers should utilize reasons before considering obligatory vaccination to encourage voluntary immunization against COVID-19. WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 3 Introduction The recent COVID-19 pandemic has been a catastrophic event on a global scale– from halted business industry, declining economy to various associated healthcare issues and outcomes; it can't be denied that COVID-19 has affected the lives of many. With this, one consideration of researchers to promote disease control and prevention is through vaccination (Gostin et al., 2020). One of the most effective ways to protect individuals from COVID-19 is vaccines. Thus, with the COVID-19 vaccination in progress, there might be a consideration in which areas, on which terms, for whom, and in what context, some may propose making COVID-19 vaccine mandatory to raise vaccination rates and attain public health targets. It is thought that the cultural and ethical prospects affect why Covid 19 vaccinations are not required. This study tries to validate these claims via research into moral and cultural grounds for not compulsory having Covid-19 vaccinations. In their official policy brief, the World Health Organization (2021), the government and institutional decision-maker who could consider COVID-19 mandates, outlines significant ethical issues and warnings that should be explicitly assessed and discussed. According to a publication by WHO (2021), the mandate to get vaccinated is not ethical. Ethics and safeguards for obligatory COVID-19 immunization policy are at the center of this document. Reiss and Caplan (2020) explore whether vaccination should be imposed for school students and anybody else. This article discusses this topic; of course, it depends, but this article guides the ethical and legal factors of the decision-making process. This is covered in three parts of the article: Ethical concerns affecting the appropriateness of a COVID-19 vaccination mandate, possible legal restrictions, and practical and political considerations. Mandatory vaccination of children is a question to consider (Savulescu & Danchin, 2021). The article indicated that accurate risk information, such as severity and WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 4 safety/efficacy, and alternative comparative assessments, would be required to determine if a new disease vaccine does not pose a significant threat. The decision, however, also demands a balance of self-interest and duty towards others and freedom and utility. Vaccines that protect individuals against COVID-19 are effective. Governments and institutional policymakers should utilize reasons before considering obligatory vaccination to encourage voluntary immunization against COVID-19. The advantage and safety of vaccinations should be shown as much as possible for vaccination to be accepted. Only if these instruments do not succeed should stricter regulatory action be considered. A variety of ethical concerns and caution should be explored in an ethical analysis to determine if compulsory COVID-19 is an acceptable policy choice. Scientific and Mathematical Introduction Covid19 has triggered substantial challenges to the political, social, and economic institutions and majorly to public health. When the virus was first reported in the U.S killing at least 12,000 people, health experts reported that the disease was beyond the concerns of a primary illness affecting the throat, nose, and respiratory system to distract the functioning of other body systems. Without getting too general on that, we should start by understanding the body systems affected by covid19 vaccine. By now, it is clear that the virus starts in the upper respiratory tract provoking fever and cough. This can also lead to severe pneumonia as the lung fills with pus reducing the transfer of oxygen to the blood from the air sacs. This again affects the circulatory system. Oxygen helps regulate blood pressure preventing clotting and inflammation of blood vessels. Bansal (2020) views Covid19 as cardiovascular disease as endothelial cells produce the ACE2 surface protein to allow the virus to break in. there is evidence that blood clots and inflammation of the heart muscle trigger a heart attack. This goes further to affect the brain and the central nervous system. Then a blood vessel blocks, the blood WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 5 supply to the brain is blocked killing brain cells. This impairs body activities such as movement, thinking, talking, or even severe stroke. Brain signaling is also associated with more serious neurological complications such as nerve damage, dementia, PTSD, and psychosis. The renal system may be impacted by underlying kidney problems caused by the low blood supply. Covid19 patients have high levels of enzymes that affect the liver. Other impacts on the gastrointestinal system show that the impacts of the disease in the body systems are profoundly beyond that of normal flu. On the other hand, economic systems and the virus seem to be different but different parts of the same coin. The Covid19 pandemic and associated measures to stop and reduce the spread of the virus have led to a deep recession and economic drag on record. However, the production of covid19 viruses has been tied to economic value and the evolution of economic recovery in different industries. Generally, vaccine developing companies require intensive labor, complex technology, and costly inputs coming from other industries. This has expanded the supply chain and made a greater impact on creating jobs. Two industries (business and professional services) contributing to 34% of the US GDP have expanded immensely. Education and healthcare sectors have also expanded to facilitate the worker’s return to work. Before the administration of the Covid19 vaccine, informal and formal education is offered to the general population creating another meaningful impact on the economy. The pace of vaccination since the first dose was administered in 2020 is high. Axelsen et al. (2021) forecast that doubling the rate of vaccination from the current 1.5 million to 3 million per day may increase employment opportunities by over 2 million and boost the nation’s real GDP by 1% by the end of 2021. However, vaccines are very expensive. A report by 10 major economies (Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Qatar, South Korea, Sweden, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 6 United States) shows that about $460 billion would be spent to have equal access to the vaccines by 2025. Amid the depression, a funding gap of $28.2 billion still exists in the ACT-Accelerator Program while there is a need for $4.3 billion to help speed up critical areas of work. Amid these protracted effects, the nation will have to divert funds from other critical sectors such as infrastructure, education, and military defense to fund the vaccine program. This impact stretches the US debt burden even further. During the pandemic, the US debt burden hit $3 trillion for the second consecutive year in 2021. Ethical and Cultural introduction The ethics of covid19 are evident from all facets of the society. When the virus was first reported in the U.S killing at least 12,000 people, experts and professionals have ventured to find a solution to this problem. So far, the FDA has approved a number of vaccines in the United States; Moderna NIAID vaccine, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. All the FDA vaccines have been recommended by the ACIP and their vaccination began. However, there have been legal and cultural perspectives pertaining to the mandatory covid19 vaccination. Specifically, there is no clear law governing mandatory vaccination of covid19 patients and populations. As millions and millions in the United States match towards getting the Covid19 vaccines, some businesses, professionals, employers, professors, affiliate institutions, universities, and colleges are weighing on making Covid19 vaccination mandatory for everyone under their umbrella. However, a popular claim states that mandatory Covid19 vaccination is against law stated in the US constitution. Currently, we rely on ‘21 USCodeSS360bbb-3’ federal law, stating that no government, business or employer has the legal right to make vaccination mandatory unless the vaccine has been evaluated for at least 2 years (Funke, 2021). This law governs the mandatory vaccination of the three Covid19 vaccines authorized for use by the U.S. WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 7 Food and Drug Administration. The Covid19 vaccines have been around for less than a year, a period far less than the approved legal period for mandatory use. Therefore, there is no legal basis for mandatory Covid19 vaccination from the standard argument of the law. There are deep-seated value systems and cultural divergent viewpoints that influence popular public claims on mandatory Covid19 vaccinations. Individual rights versus public health, religious objections, and mistrust of vaccines out of suspicion are some of the cultural issues that are in the limelight. Individual rights in relation to public health stance on vaccination is a major source of controversy. Public health and safety may prompt the authorities to offer compulsory immunization of the Covid19 vaccine but this may be impacted by the longstanding tension between public health and individual rights. This case was argued 100 years ago during Jacobson versus Massachusetts Supreme Court case 1905. In the case, a resident claimed that the law violated his right of care by attempting a smallpox vaccine on his own body, a body he knew best. Although the court rejected Jacobson’s challenge to show limitations of individual liberty to protect public health, individualism is a strong tenet of the American ideals and values (Severyn, 1995). Therefore, American citizens want to exercise their individual right to protect themselves and their children against ideologically non-supported vaccines. This among the rest needs to be addressed when formulating policies. Scientific Perspective The Covid19 vaccine mainly affects the body's immune system. So far, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved three vaccines; Moderna NIAID vaccine, Johnson & Johnson vaccine, and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine. CDC-2021 report explained that these vaccines are not live viruses but work by introducing a part of a whole of an inactivated form of the SARS-COV-2 coronavirus to the immune system. This invokes the immune system to be WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 8 ready to fight infections of the virus. For example, once you receive the Massager RNA Vaccines (the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna Vaccines), the body gets the blueprint to create a spike protein, a piece of Covid19 causing virus using the instructions given by the mRNA. The protein is then displayed in the cell service for the immune system to see and fight it. The spike protein is the same as the coronavirus but cannot cause Covid19. Therefore, vaccine developers targeted the immune system to enhance its ability to fight future infections. Worst are the life-threatening immune system reactions to these covid19 vaccines. CDC has reported severe allergic reactions after the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine was administered. Indeed, Shimabukuro et al., (2021) reported Anaphylaxis as the most serious Covid19 allergic reactor. By definition, anaphylaxis is a severe and life-threatening allergic reactor that occurs after a patient receives a vaccination. Most of the people who have received any covid19 vaccine dose have reported flu-like symptoms and other side effects. Such general side effects include nausea, injection-site swelling and pain, fever, redness, and rash on the injection site, joint pain, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. However, allergic reactions occur when the immune system reacts to one or more vaccine ingredients. Anaphylaxis-induced reactions causing life-threatening situations such as difficulty in breathing, nausea, and low blood pressure. The CDC does not recommend vaccination to people with allergic reactions to other vaccines. Post-vaccination reports show that the Indian government reported one death caused by anaphylaxis (COVID & Team, 2021). Skin reaction such as redness, swelling, and flushed appearance is the first sign of immune reaction to the vaccine. People may experience hives and itchy bumps on the skin surface. Hypotension presents cardiovascular symptoms. When anaphylaxis occurs, blood chemicals widen causing a spasm and low blood pressure. This disrupts blood vessel functioning. When the immune system to the Covid19 vaccine, histamine is WHY COVID-19 VACCINES CANNOT BE MADE MANDATORY 9 released to the bloodstream fueling some neurological changes. Patients may thus experience difficulties speaking, anxiety, confusion, and severe headaches. The reaction may also cause heavy swelling causing obstruction of air passage, coughing, and sneezing. COVID and Team (2021) recommend that difficulty of breathing should be addressed first. Beyond visible signs, hypotension is closely related to cardiac arrest and heart attacks. This risk is highest among people sensitive to other vaccines, history of asthma, high on women compared to men, and those who had prior anaphylactic reactions. Mathematical Perspective Developed nations digging deep to inoculate their citizens to get the vaccine will achieve little economic benefits if other developing nations go unvaccinated. Before digging deep into the detrimental issue of covid19 vaccine nationalization, the RAND-2021 r.