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1. Give an overview of the studies testing discrimination in education.
2
The Lerner Index is always the most appropriate measure of market power.
True or False
with proper explanation
3
How do you think well
-performing financial markets can stimulate economic growth and
help to reduce poverty?
Briefly explain
1
Introduction:
Discrimination is the act of creating distinctions between human beings on the base of groups, classes, race color religion ect, to which they are perceived to belong. Discrimination especially take place when groups or individuals are being treated in a manner which proves to be worse than the way other people are normally treated on the basis of their social categories they belong to.
Article :
Discrimination in the field of education is the act of discriminating against the people of certain category , restricting them to enjoy the full rights to education. It is regarded as a violation of human rights. Discrimination in education can be on the basis of ethnicity, nationality, age, gender, race, economic condition, disability and religion.
In several countries of the world it is witnessed that teachers have systematically give students different grades for an identical work, based on category like gender and ethnicity. As per the the Education Longitudinal Study, "teacher expectations [are] more predictive of college success than most major factors, including student motivation and student effort". Bias in terms of grading could also be detected by comparing the outcomes of the exams where marks can be seen allotted by the teachers to the students on the base of their characteristics also blind exams where the student is anonymous. This method may underestimate the bias since, for written exams, the handwriting style might still convey information about the student to the teachers.
If we look into the types then discrimination they can be least classified into 4 categories :
-Direct discrimination.
-Indirect discrimination.
-Harassment.
-Victimisation.
Lets begin with direct then we will move forward to the following one's.
Direct discrimination
in education occurs when a child or a student is treated less favourably on the grounds of race, sexual orientation, gender, disability, religious belief or age. example, assuming a child may not be able to reach a certain level of work because they are disabled. In these cases the act itself is unlawful, not whether or not someone meant it.
Indirect discrimination
occurs when certain policies and practices affect a group of children more than others for no good reason. The groups which are protected by the legislation including groups defined by their race, sexual orientation, gender, religion or belief, or age. When it is related to disability, reasonable adjustments should be made so that indirect discrimination does not take place.
Harassment
Harassment take place when a school involved in unwanted conduct related to a disability which has the purpose and effect of violating a student dignity or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for the student. The student oncerned may not have a disability but might be associated with someone who has, or is wrongly perceived as having a disability.
Victimisation
Victimisation is witnessed when a school proposes something which is disadvantageous to a students because either the student or the student parent or sibling takes, or is thought to be about to take, action under discrimination law.
Here are some examples of unlawful discrimination in education:
A student being refused by an educational institution to be admitted as because of his/her facial disfigurement and that would concern that she may upset other people- this would be direct discrimination because of disability. Also a school might reduce the number of GCSEs a pregnant student is studying for, when the respective person has clearly stated she wants to continue with all her GCSEs - this could be pregnancy and maternity discrimination. Third and the last that a university requires it's applicants from the country to have atleast three A levels and on the other hand requires overseas applicants to have four A levels this could be indirect race discrimination.
2 False
3
When financial markets perform well, it basically means that there is enough liquidity in the economy, which is driving growth in financial markets as people have money to speculate on companies and are willing to invest, expecting the companies to earn profits going ahead, thus they expect economic conditions to improve in the long run, which would drive up the companies profits and stock prices in the long run.
Thus when financial markets are performing there would be greater inflow of capital in an economy and thus greater level of investments and new projects being pursued. This would increase economic growth rate as investments create new jobs and employment opportunities. This leads to greater number of jobs in an economy and thus more and more people being employed. Ultimately helping to reduce the rate of poverty.
However it is not always the case that performing financial markets would help drive economic growth as even though stock prices would be inching upwards, the inflation rate could also be high. Which could dent the real economic growth rate and create a level of price instability. This could infact create higher rates of poverty as the real purchasing power of the currency reduces drastically.
Thus as performing financial markets project that there is expected to be an improvement in future economic trajectory, other macroeconomic factors should be stable in order to reduce poverty.