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Exercise 2  English has (at least) three different allophones for the phoneme /p/

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Exercise 2 
English has (at least) three different allophones for the phoneme /p/. One is the regular [p], one is the aspirated [ph], and one is the unreleased [p]. (In an unreleased stop, the articulators close to obstruct airflow, but then do not open again to release the air pressure.) Here is a set of data illustrating environments where each allophone occurs. 
43]  [Ph] [sp.mit] i. r  -1 ITApi i [kholxi3s] [cepiakhd] [J3PhEi] [aliPtikal] [hwpann3] [aespaieifan] [claph.law] [gJe][13] [spil] [phad3xmaz] [snx13t1 
Which allophone appears in each of the following environments? 
a. word-finally b. word-initially c. after [s] d. in a syllable coda e. at the beginning of an unstressed syllable f. at the beginning of a stressed syllable 
Exercise 3 

The English alveolar lateral approximant [1] has an allophone [1] which is velarized (that is, pronounced farther back in the mouth, near the velum). Here is a set of data illustrating environments where each allophone occurs. Describe, as precisely as you can, the distribution of each allophone. Are the allophones in complementary distribution? 
[1] 
[I] 
[lanoulijam] [bAlk] 
[likanf] [alum] [flipax] [aslip] 
[mall [thxlIcam] [wig] [milkfeik] 

The following dataset from Japanese illustrates the distribution of three allophones: • the voiceless alveolar stop [t] • the voiceless alveolar affricate [ts] • the voiceless post-alveolar affricate [4] Examine the data and then describe the distribution of each allophone. 
[tatami] mat 
[tegami] letter 
[tfitii] father 
[fta] under [matsu] to wait [natsu] summer [tsutsumu] to wrap 
[tfizu] map [koto] fact [tomodatfi] friend 

[totemo] very 
[tsukue] desk 
[taternono] building 
[te] hand  [utii] house [otoko] male 
[tetsudau] help 
[ato] later  [kata] person 
Exercise 5 
The following set of data is from Ukrainian. It contains example words with the four segments Is], 01, [s] and [f]. The superscript is a diacritic that indicates that a sound has been palatalized. Examine the data carefully then answer the questions below. 
[s] 
Esi] 
[hs] fox [miska] bowl [sapka] little hoe [sila] strength [sum] sadness [such] trials [sosna] pine [posadu] job 

1 sil sheen 
[siudi] hither [siomij] seventh [posiadu] I will occupy 
[lifi lest [rnifka] little mouse [mtfii] mice [fapka] hat Ulla] she sewed Vist] six [fum] rustling 
[koYi] baskets 
[fostkj] sixth 
a. List all the minimal pairs you find in this dataset. Remember that when giving examples from language data, the convention is to provide the data in IPA, not the translation of the word form! b. You know what a minimal pair is; what do you think a 'minimal triplet' might be? Find one example in this dataset. c. Of these four segments, three of them contrast with each other: which three? d. One of these four segments always appears in one specific environment. Which one? P What is the environment where the segment you identified in (d) occurs? List the example words that show this pattern.