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Homework answers / question archive / Unit 2 Class Activity Unit 2 Class Activity Start Assignment Due Friday by 11:59pm Points 65 Submitting a text entry box or a file upload (Turnitin enabled) Choose one of the following technological developments that were discussed in the web tutorial: the mechanical clock, printing, or the compass
Unit 2 Class Activity Unit 2 Class Activity Start Assignment Due Friday by 11:59pm Points 65 Submitting a text entry box or a file upload (Turnitin enabled) Choose one of the following technological developments that were discussed in the web tutorial: the mechanical clock, printing, or the compass. NOTE: If you choose the mechanical clock, please do not include events in the history of the clock before the invention of the first mechanical clock in China. If you choose printing, do not include the history of paper in your answer. Write an essay that addresses the following topics. When you respond to these topics, you should be specific and cite specific details either from the web tutorial or your own research. You should cite specific events and/or cultures as you answer these questions. Also, you should make sure to cite your sources in your response and include a reference list at the end of your essay. Higher credit will be given for responses that show evidence of a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the topics involved. The narrative portion of your essay must be at least 500 words (approximately 2 pages double-spaced). 1. Discuss the history of the technology from its early beginnings to the Renaissance. Please discuss at least three different events in the history of your chosen technology. 2. How did the development and use of the technology affect Europe in the Middle Ages and/or Renaissance? Please be specific and give details (and cite your sources if appropriate). 3. Overall, how did the technology affect the United States? Please be specific and give details (and cite your sources if appropriate). Unit 2 Rubric (6) https://sjsu.instructure.com/courses/1430397/assignments/5861692?module_item_id=12223318 1/3 9/16/2021 Unit 2 Class Activity Criteria Thesis Statement Organization and Paragraph Construction Mechanics Quality & Use of References Ratings 5 pts Clearly stated and appropriately focused. 4 pts Clearly stated but focus needed to be sharper. 5 pts Information is logically organized. All paragraphs include introductory sentence, explanations or details, and concluding sentence with a transition. 4 pts Information is adequately organized. Most paragraphs include introductory sentence, explanations or details, and concluding sentence with a transition. 5 pts No grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors observed. 4 pts Almost no grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors observed. 5 pts Compelling evidence from professionally legitimate sources is given to support claims. Attribution is clear and fairly represented. Two independent references are listed and used in the 4 pts Professionally legitimate sources that support claims are generally present and attribution is, for the most part, clear and fairly represented. 3 pts Thesis stated but not appropriately focused. Pts 2 pts Thesis is inferred but not stated. 0 pts No statement of thesis or objective 3 pts Information is somewhat organized. Paragraphs included related information, but were typically not constructed well. 2 pts Obvious lack of organization. Paragraph structure was not clear and sentences were not typically related within the paragraphs. 0 pts No observable organization. 3 pts A few grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors observed. 2 pts Many grammatical, spelling or punctuation errors observed. 0 pts No observable effort in the area of mechanics. 3 pts Although attributions are occasionally given, many statements seem unsubstantiated. Although most of the references are professionally legitimate, a few are questionable (e.g., trade books, internet sources, popular magazines, …). 2 pts References are seldom cited to support statements. Most of the references are from sources that are not peerreviewed and have uncertain reliability. https://sjsu.instructure.com/courses/1430397/assignments/5861692?module_item_id=12223318 5 pts 5 pts 0 pts There are no references cited to support statements in the narrative. There are virtually no sources that are professionally reliable. 5 pts 5 pts 2/3 9/16/2021 Unit 2 Class Activity Criteria History of the technology from its early beginnings to the Renaissance; Please discuss at least three different events in the history Ratings narrative 15 pts along with the Information clearly source related to the main website topic, included consistent supporting details and/or examples. Discussed three events in detail 10 pts Information clearly related to the main topic, provided some supporting details and/or examples. Did not discuss three events in detail Pts 5 pts Information related to the main topic, no details or examples provided. Did not discuss specific events Discussion as to how the development and use of the technology affected Europe in the Middle Ages and/or Renaissance 15 pts Clear and detailed identification and discussion of the impact of the technology on Middle Ages and/or Renaissance Europe 10 pts Discussion of a limited number of relevant factors 5 pts Some identification of the relevant factors but without much supporting detail Discussion as to how technology affected the United States as a whole. 15 pts Clear and detailed identification with examples and discussion of the impact of the technology on the United States 10 pts Discussion of a limited number of relevant factors 5 pts Some identification of the relevant factors but without much supporting detail 0 pts Information had little or nothing to do with main topic. 0 pts No discussion or incomplete discussion of the effects on Europe in the Middle Ages 0 pts No discussion or incomplete discussion of the effects on the United States 15 pts 15 pts 15 pts Total Points: 65
Mechanical Clock
Time-keeping technology has evolved significantly over time to become what it is known today. One key technology that had profound impact on both America and Europe was the mechanical clock. The development of the mechanical clock was a major advancement in time-keeping technology because it reshaped how people conduct their daily activities. The mechanical clock used a weight-driven mechanism known as escapement and replaced the water clock in the 13th century. Despite the limitations of the mechanical clock, it had profound impact on societies because it was more accurate and thus allowed people to precisely measure time.
The development of the mechanical clock took place in stages. The verge and foliot escapement was the first mechanism used to drive mechanical clocks. The foliot was a horizontal bar with weights on either end while the verge was on a vertical rod with pellets that engaged and released the main gear to nudge the foliot back and forth in an inertial rhythm (Liu, 2016). The inertial rhythm or oscillation depended on the amount of driving force and friction in the drive. Therefore, the clock was difficult to regulate. To address this issue, the spring-powered clocks were invented. The spring-powered clock was an advancement of the verge and foliot escapement made by Pete Henlein between 1500 and 1510. The spring-powered clock replaced the heavy drive weights and resulted in smaller and more portable clocks and watches (Lienhard, 2000). The spring-powered clocks were effective but they slowed down as the mainspring unwound. Although the clock carried the hour dial alone, it was a true precursor to accurate timekeeping technology.
Pendulum mechanical clock was the last stage of the mechanical clock. The accurate mechanical clock was invented by a Dutch scientist, Christian Huygens, in 1656. Huygens clocks used a mechanism known as a pendulum or "natural period of oscillation". It was the first-ever clock to have an error of less than one minute a day (Liu, 2016). Later refinements reduced the errors to less than 10 seconds a day. George Graham improved the accuracy of the pendulum clock to one second a day changing the length of pendulums and temperature variations.
Before the middle ages, people depended on the passing of the sun to divide the day and keep time. The invention of the mechanical clock brought a possibility for precise measurement of time. During the Renaissance period, the clock helped people to realize that they could organize their lives better and lead orderly lives. The churches, cathedrals, and monasteries adopted clocks to divide the day into two twelve-hour parts (night and day). The church bells could ring loudly across the towns to signal prayer times thus structuring human behaviors. The adoption of mechanical clocks for economic purposes was slow. However, in the 15th century, they could use the clock to organize and coordinate various labor activities, town meetings, and religious activities. It was in the 16th century that the clock became a symbol or reference for how institutions should work. Time was treated as something that could be wasted or lost and the idea of the monetary cost of time was hatched (Álvarez, 2015). Events could be arranged at predetermined moments and this allowed people to organize their labor and lives more efficiently.
The development of the clock had a significant impact on America. This invention revolutionized the way people govern their lives by telling them when to wake up, when to eat and when to work. By allowing people to precisely measure time, this innovation changed people’s lives and how they perform various activities. In America, the clock changed the way people work and live and made it possible for laborers to be paid for the hours they worked rather than working the whole day (Boerner & Severgnini, 2016). It allowed schedules to be developed at predetermined times thus making them easier to organize. Additionally, it made civilization a success, which in turn encouraged innovation including machine, computing, and medicine technologies (Boerner & Severgnini, 2016). These innovations spurred economic growth, employment, and healthier living.
