Florida International University

CLP 4146

Test Bank

Multiple Choice Questions

1)Which of the following acts qualify as examples of prosocial behavior?

1. complimenting a classmate on her appearance
2. sharing cookies with a playmate
3. cooperating with a partner to achieve a mutual goal
4. complimenting a classmate on her appearance and sharing cookies with a playmate

e.            all of these

2. Jim helps George paint his garage in order to replay George for a previous favor. Proponents of the                                                     definition of altruism would not consider Jim's behavior to be altruistic.

1. behavioral
2. ideological

c.             motivational

d.           cognitive-developmental

3. If "any act that benefits other people" is the definition of prosocial behavior (and it is), then proponents of the                                                         definition of altruism would say that to be altruistic is simply to behave prosocially.

a.           motivational

b.            behavioral

3. autonomous
4. normative

4. A person who defines altruism as "Any act that provides comfort or assistance to other living organisms" clearly favors the                                                        definition of altruism.

a.            behavioral

2. motivational
3. intentional
4. ideological

5. Peterson & Gelfand (1984) found that grade school children favor a(n)                  

definition of altruism, whereas most parents prefer the                    definition.

a.            behavioral; motivational

2. motivational; behavioral
3. autonomous; motivational
4. behavioral; normative

6. One reason that adults            sharp distinctions between prosocial behavior and altruism when evaluating the benevolence of young children is that                                                               .

1. make; adults insist that children adopt a motivational definition of altruism
2. make; adults view altruism as mandatory and prosocial conduct as discretionary

c.             fail to make; they wish to encourage any kind of benevolence on children's part

d.           fail to make; they are trying to encourage children to adopt a behavioral rather than a motivational definition of altruism

7. Donald Campbell's (1965) biological viewpoint is that

a.           the self-serving side of human nature is much stronger than our prosocial inclinations

b.            altruism is a biologically programmed prosocial motive that has evolved because of its survival value

3. both of these
4. none of these

8. One shortcoming of the evolutionary theory of altruism is that                    .

1. it fails to tell us what characteristics might have evolved that might make humans prosocially inclined.
2. It cannot explain why close relatives are more likely to be helped than distant relatives

c.             it applies to the human species as a whole and does not account for individual differences in altruism

d.           all of these

9. Twin studies reveal that                     contribute(s) to individual differences in empathy and prosocial conduct.

1. individual genotypes
2. shared environmental influences
3. nonshared environmental influences
4. individual genotypes and shared environmental influences

e.            all of these

10. Twin studies reveal that              on prosocial behavior decline over time whereas the influence of                                             become stronger with age

1. genes; shared environmental influences
2. genes; nonshared environmental influences

c.             shared environmental influences; nonshared environmental influences

d.           nonshared environmental influences; share environmental influences

11. Twin studies of individual differences in empathy and prosocial behavior imply all the following except        .

a.            some of us inherit more “altruistic” genes than others

2. genetic contributions to empathy/prosocial conduct are most closely linked to individual differences in temperament
3. such shared environmental influences as parenting are most important early in life
4. nonshared environmental influences become more important influences with age

12. The idea that one should help others who need help is known as

a.           the Good Samaritan norm

b.            the norm of social responsibility

3. the norm of reciprocity
4. the categorical imperative

13. Proponents of psychoanalytic theory believe that altruistic norms and values are

a.           inborn

b.            acquired as the child internalizes parental norms and values

3. acquired as the ego matures and the child becomes more proficient at role-taking
4. interpretable as disguised versions of id-based, hedonistic impulses

14. Social learning theorists have assumed that prosocial acts that appear to be                 are actually      .

a.            self-sacrificial; self-reinforcing

2. self-reinforcing; self-sacrificial
3. rewarding; costly
4. helpful; self-sacrificial

15. According to learning theorists, children develop altruistic habits because

a.            frequent reinforcement of their previous acts of kindness have made such behavior intrinsically satisfying

2. they have internalized the norm of reciprocity and can expect the recipient to help them in the future
3. they have learned that the immediate payoffs for prosocial acts almost always exceed the costs of helping
4. they are critical of the behavior of selfish models

16. Social-learning theorists view empathic responding as compatible with their explanation of altruism, arguing that

a.           empathizers help to receive others’ praise

b.            empathizers help to relieve their own empathic distress

3. both of these
4. none of these

17. Cognitive-developmental theorists think that altruism becomes more common in middle childhood as grade-school children acquire                                                            . Adolescents are even more altruistically inclined because they now have skills to appreciate the implications of

            .

1. the ability to conserve; another person's discrepant point of view
2. the ability to conserve; abstract prosocial norms
3. role-taking skills; another person's discrepant point of view

d.            role-taking skills; abstract prosocial norms

18. Research on the development of sympathy and compassion suggests that these attributes

a.           are present from age 6 months

b.            can emerge early and are sometimes observed in toddlers

3. first appear during the preschool period (ages 5)