North Lake College

PSYC 2301

Package Title: Test bank

Course Title: Real World Psychology

Chapter Number: Chapter 14

Question type: Multiple Choice

1)The study of how other people influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions is called                .

1. 1. sociology

1. 2. social science

1. 3. social psychology

1. 4. sociobehavioral psychology

2. Explanations that we provide for the causes of behaviors or events are referred to as

                                     .

1. 1. attributions

1. 2. biases

1. 3. assumptions

1. 4. rationalizations

3. Kaitlyn believes that she failed her psychology exam because the teacher made the questions on the test impossible to answer. Kaitlyn has just engaged in                                                        .
   1. impression management

1. 2. stereotaxic determination

1. 3. attribution

1. 4. person perception

4. According to social psychologists, why do people want to develop logical attributions for behavior? It makes them feel                                                    .
   1. safer and more in control

1. 2. more in control and more intelligent

1. 3. intelligent and safer

1. 4. relaxed and more intelligent

5. The two basic types of attributions suggest that behavior can be explained by internal        or external

            .

1. 1. temperament, circumstances

1. 2. dispositions, situations

1. 3. personality, factors

1. 4. traits, reality

6. You and a friend are watching a ballgame. The batter misses. You believe this is because the sun is setting and probably cast a glare in his eyes. Your friend believes this is because the batter lacks talent. You made a     attribution and your friend made a(n)                                            attribution.
   1. circumstantial; personal

1. 2. situational; dispositional

1. 3. realistic; biased

1. 4. correct; incorrect

7. The two major attribution mistakes people tend to make are       .

1. 1. the fundamental attribution error and the self-serving bias

1. 2. situational attributions and dispositional attributions

1. 3. the actor bias and the observer bias

1. 4. stereotypes and biases

8. Dr. Mitchell is a brilliant lecturer who strongly prefers reading to the company of others. Despite being an introvert, however, she is very outgoing while she lectures. She is so outgoing during lecturing that her students commit the                        in labeling her an extrovert.
   1. saliency bias

1. 2. self-serving error

1. 3. faulty judgment error

1. 4. fundamental attribution error

9. We misjudge the causes of another person’s behavior because we overestimate internal, personal factors and underestimate external, situational influences. This is called         .
   1. delusional thinking

1. 2. prejudice

1. 3. the fundamental attribution error

1. 4. the self-serving bias

10. A stranger walking in front of you trips. You assume this is because he is clumsy, rather than considering the fact that the sidewalk might be uneven. You have just committed       .

1. a self-serving bias

2. prejudicial thinking

3. a situational attribution

4. the fundamental attribution error

11. The tendency to focus on the most noticeable factors when explaining the cause of behavior is called the          bias.

1. obvious

2. just noticeable difference

3. saliency

4. pseudo-reality

12. One explanation for why people commit the fundamental attribution error is       .

1. the self-serving bias

2. the saliency bias

3. the obviousness bias

4. prejudice

13. Most people perceive Elizabeth as being a poor public speaker because her mistakes in speaking are much more visible than the dreaded feelings of social phobia that come over her when she speaks. This is an example of   .

1. the self-serving bias

2. the saliency bias

3. the obviousness bias

4. prejudice

14. When you attempt to maintain a positive self-image by taking credit for your successes and emphasizing external causes for your failures, you are engaged in         .

1. a self-delusion

2. using the self-serving bias

3. rationalization

4. reaction formation

15. The desire to maintain self-esteem and look good to others are two motivations for the use of    .

1. the fundamental attribution error

2. the self-serving bias

3. the saliency bias

4. an internal locus of control

16. The homeless are mostly blamed for their state of homelessness. This is known as

                                            .

1. the fundamental attribution error

2. the saliency bias

3. self-serving bias

4. discrimination

17. Amelia failed a test and said it was because the questions were “tricky”; Oscar passed the same test and said it was because he studied hard. Amelia is using                   ; Oscar is using              .

1. a dispositional locus of control; a situational locus of control

2. the fundamental attribution error; the self-serving bias

3. the self-serving bias; the self-serving bias

4. external self-efficacy; internal self-efficacy

18. Compared to individualist cultures, this is less commonly seen in collectivist cultures.

1. attributions

2. prejudice and discrimination

3. the fundamental attribution error and self-serving bias

4. awareness of situational constraints on behavior

19. Westerners watching a baseball game in Japan who see an umpire make a bad call would tend to assume a(n)                                cause for the call, whereas the Japanese spectators would tend to make a(n)          attribution.

1. situational; dispositional

2. attributional; saliency

3. dispositional; situational

4. saliency; attributional

20. Eliza, from China, observes a man push a woman to the side. How would Eliza most likely interpret the man’s behavior?

1. the man is a very rude person

2. the man has anger management issues

3. the man is late for work

4. the man has a bad attitude

21. Eastern conceptions of self-esteem                                  .

1. include standing out from the rest of the crowd

2. involve fitting in with the group

3. doing better than others

4. involve distancing oneself from the group

22. A learned predisposition to respond cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally to a particular object is known as   .

1. a belief

2. a concept

3. a schema

4. an attitude

23. Regarding attitudes toward the economic “meltdown,” the belief that the economic troubles resulted from actions of greedy bankers reflects the             component of attitude.

1. affective

2. behavioral

3. cognitive

4. situational

24. Regarding attitudes toward the economic meltdown, being fearful of further loss of personal savings reflects the               component of attitude.

1. affective

2. behavioral

3. cognitive

4. situational

25. Regarding attitudes toward the economic meltdown, withdrawing savings from local banks reflects the                       component of attitude.

1. affective

2. behavioral

3. cognitive

4. situational

Learning Objective 14: 1.2: Summarize the three components of attitudes.

26. “Greedy bankers cause economic troubles” is an example of which component of a person's attitude?

1. affective

2. cognitive

3. behavioral

4. emotional

27. Louise is so disillusioned by the actions of politicians from both political parties that she plans to vote for independent candidates in the next election. This is an example of which component of Louise’s attitude about politicians?

1. affective

2. cognitive

3. behavioral

4. emotional

28. Many of our attitudes tend to form during                   .

1. infancy

2. childhood

3. adolescence

4. adulthood

29. How is the affective component of an attitude typically measured?

1. survey

2. physiological measures

3. direct observation

4. questionnaire

30. How is the behavioral component of an attitude typically measured?

1. direct observation only

2. physiological measures and self-reported measures

3. direct observation and physiological measures

4. self-reported measures and direct observation

31. This theory says that people are motivated to make attitudinal changes when they experience tension after becoming aware of inconsistencies between their attitudes or between their attitudes and their behaviors.

1. Bandura’s social learning theory

2. Festinger’s cognitive dissonance theory

3. Freud’s defense mechanisms theory

4. Leon’s power of inconsistencies theory

32. Cognitive dissonance theory predicts that after Lamar bought a Samsung instead of an iPhone, he would             .

1. regret his decision

2. complain about the iPhone features he couldn’t get with his Samsung

3. notice the problems with his Samsung that he ignored before

4. focus on the positive features of his Samsung

33. Cross-cultural research suggests that cognitive dissonance may be a result of cultures that place a high value on  .

1. independence and individualism

2. connection with others

3. appraisal by others

4. honesty and integrity

34. According to the textbook, people experiencing cognitive dissonance would most likely               .

1. change their behavior

2. change their attitude

3. ignore the inconsistency between their behavior and attitude

4. continue to feel discomfort

35. Two major types of social influence discussed in your text are          .

1. low-ball and foot-in-the-door

2. persuasion and agreement

3. agreement and disagreement

4. conformity and obedience

36. In the classic Asch study of conformity,              of the subjects conformed and agreed with obviously incorrect choices made by other group members.

1. less than 10 percent

2. about one-quarter

3. more than one-third

4. more than 50 percent

37. This is the change in behavior due to real or imagined group pressure.

1. norm compliance

2. obedience

3. conformity

4. mob rule

38. This is the term for individuals who worked with the experimenter and purposely gave wrong answers during the Asch study.

1. accomplices

2. confederates

3. participants

4. sample

39. How many people in the control group of Asch’s study chose the wrong line?

1. close to 100%

2. roughly 50%

3. about 25%

4. almost none of them chose correctly

40. Expected behaviors generally adhered to by members of a group are called       .

1. norms

2. motivators

3. behavioral determinants

4. meta-rules

41. When someone has a need for approval and acceptance by a group, they often conform to the norms set by that group. This is called                     social influence.

1. normative

2. desirable

3. ingroup

4. informational

42. After the first week at his new school, Gratias had his hair cut the way others were wearing theirs and started tucking in his shirt the way other boys on campus did in order to fit in. This is an example of

            .

1. ingroup favoritism

2. an outgroup wannabe

3. normative social influence

4. gang influence

43. When people lack adequate knowledge about how to behave, they often conform to group pressure if the group provides them with direction and information. This is called                   social influence.

1. normative

2. intellectual

3. educational

4. informational

44. Lincoln thought he smelled smoke for a second. He looked at others in the classroom and at the teacher. No one seemed concerned, so Lincoln continued taking his test along with his other classmates. This is most likely an example of                                      .

1. conformational social influence

2. focused attention

3. informational social influence

4. a need for approval

45. Sometimes people conform because they like and admire a group, and want to be like them. This is the                    explanation for conformity.

1. need for approval

2. reciprocity of liking

3. reference group

4. foot-in-the-door

46. Amorita agrees to party with friends she admires rather than staying home to study even though she’d rather stay home to study. This is an example of          .

1. the effect of low self-esteem on conformity

2. ingroup social influence

3. desirable social influence

4. how a reference group influences conformity

47. What are three factors that explain why people conform?

1. personality, genetics, and learning

2. motivational level, level of physiological arousal, and level of interpersonal arousal

3. normative social influence, informational social influence, and reference groups

4. introversion-extroversion, bystander bias, and ingroup-outgroup roles

48. With regard to the norm for personal space, which of the following persons is most likely to break the

U.S. norm by standing too close to an American adult?

1. a Scandinavian tourist

2. an American teenager

3. a Mediterranean guest

4. a Canadian guest

49. Obedience is best defined as following           .

1. the lead of others

2. a direct command or order

3. group norms

4. directions

50. According to the text,                allow social life to proceed with safety, order, and predictability.

1. conformity and punishment

2. obedience and punishment

3. norms and conformity

4. conformity and obedience

51. Without             , the social world we live in would be chaotic, and perhaps dangerous.

1. reference groups

2. ingratiation

3. scapegoats

4. obedience

52. Milgram’s participants thought they were participating in an experiment to study the effects of      .

1. obedience to authority

2. arousal on memory

3. punishment on learning

4. electric shock on brain-wave activity

53. Stanley Milgram was investigating              in his classic teacher-learner shock study.

1. the effects of punishment on learning

2. reinforcement of learning

3. obedience to authority

4. the effects of cognitive learning

54. Less than              percent of the public thought they would shock a learner beyond 150 volts; in reality,

             percent of the actual participants continued to the end of the scale of 450 volts. a) 5; 50

b) 50; 5

c) 25; 65

d) 65; 25

55. The results of Milgram’s research suggest that           will follow orders to hurt someone.

1. only “monsters”

2. a majority of “normal” people

3. everyone

4. people with mental disorders

56. A group of psychiatrists that were polled prior to the Milgram experiment predicted that

                             .

1. less than 1% of participants would go all the way to 450 volts of shock

2. most people would continue to 300 volts of shock

3. most people would continue after 150 volts of shock

4. most people would stop at 300 volts of shock

57. Which of the following will decrease obedience?

1. having a person with authority give the command

2. starting low and gradually increasing commands

3. holding each person responsible for his or her own behavior

4. providing obedient role models

58. Which of the following factors in Milgram’s experiment would decrease obedience?

1. the educational setting and lab coats worn by experimenters

2. watching others continue to administer shocks

3. assuring “teachers” that the experimenter was responsible for the “learner’s” well-being

4. having the “learner” in the same room with the “teacher”

59. Milgram’s study was criticized on the following grounds:

1. use of deception

2. lack of debriefing

3. lack of follow-up with participants

4. use of placebo treatment

60. Which group in the Milgram study would be most likely to deliver 450 millivolts of shock to the learner?

1. the authority figure is not in the same room with the teacher

2. the learner is 1.5 feet away from the teacher

3. the teacher gets to choose the level of shock

4. the teacher watches two other confederates deliver shock

61. One reason for destructive obedience is that we are deeply ingrained from childhood to obey certain authority figures, such as parents, teachers, and police. This is due to                     .

1. groupthink

2. socialization

3. cognitive dissonance

4. foot-in-the door technique

62. A social influence technique in which a first, small request is used as a set-up for later requests is known as   .

1. the low-ball technique

2. the foot-in-the-door technique

3. the infiltration technique

4. ingratiation

63) Which of the following is a way to increase obedience identified in your text?

1. stringent moral guard

2. foot-in-the-door

3. give power to the individual

4. cognitive dissonance

64. Veronica obeyed the orders of her highly regarded captain despite the fact that he was leading them into an illegal mission. What explanation of obedience does this example best demonstrate?

1. socialization

2. relaxed moral guard

3. power of the situation

4. group think

65. Rosa Parks is a good example of the power of            in reducing obedience.

1. disobedient models

2. the foot-in-the-door technique

3. deindividuation

4. anti-discrimination laws

66. Zimbardo’s simulation of prison life provided a dramatic demonstration of the power of         on behavior.

1. individuation

2. norms

3. roles

4. conformity

67. Zimbardo’s prison study had to be stopped prior to the end of the scheduled two weeks because

            .

1. the human ethics committee objected to its effects

2. both prisoners and guards were exhibiting alarming changes in behavior

3. prisoners rebelled and refused to continue the experiment

4. guards felt guilty about their behavior and asked to stop the experiment

68. In Zimbardo’s classic prison study, the              took their roles so seriously that the experiment had to be discontinued prior to completion.

1. prisoners

2. lawyers and prisoners

3. judges and lawyers

4. prisoners and guards

69. Which of the following is true about the Stanford Prison study?

1. all of the college men participating in the study came into the study with some psychological condition

2. there was a control group in the study

3. there were no clear measurements of the independent variable

4. there were no clear measurements of the dependent variable

70. During              , a person who feels anonymous within a group experiences an increase in arousal and a decrease in self-consciousness, inhibitions, and personal responsibility.

1. groupthink

2. group polarization

3. authoritarianism

4. deindividuation

71. The critical factor in deindividuation is              .

1. loss of self-esteem

2. anonymity

3. identity diffusion

4. group cohesiveness

72. One potentially positive result of deindividuation mentioned in the text is             .

1. anonymity

2. allegiance

3. blind obedience

4. reduced responsibility

73. Whether a group’s final decision is risky or conservative depends on          .

1. the intellectual capacity of the group

2. the dominant preexisting tendencies of the group

3. the group's emotional intelligence

4. how many sensation-seekers there are in the group

74. A group’s movement toward either riskier or more conservative behavior, depending on members’ initial dominant tendency, is called            .

1. a risky shift

2. a cognitive reversal

3. group polarization

4. groupthink

75. It was previously thought that groups make riskier decisions than individuals do. This outdated view of group decision-making is called                                        .

1. a risky shift

2. a cognitive reversal

3. group polarization

4. groupthink

76. Faulty decision making that is the result of a highly cohesive group striving for agreement to the point of avoiding inconsistent information is known as                 .

1. the risky shift

2. group polarization

3. groupthink

4. destructive conformity

77. Which of the following occurs during the discussion process during groupthink?

1. beliefs of vulnerability

2. stereotypes of the ingroup

3. pressure on dissenters (isolation of opposing viewpoints)

4. lack of unanimity

78. Which of the following is a symptom of poor decision-making?

1. poor search for relevant information

2. unbiased processing of information

3. recognizing the risks associated with the preferred choice

4. development of a contingency plan

79.              is a learned, generally negative attitude toward members of a group.

1. Discrimination

2. Stereotyping

3. Cognitive biasing

4. Prejudice

80. Prejudice is an attitude, and its cognitive component is called          .

1. discrimination

2. a stereotype

3. a cognitive bias

4. a negative schema

81. An African American person is denied a job because the owner of a business fears white customers will not buy from an African American salesperson. This is an example of                         .

1. prejudice

2. discrimination

3. both prejudice and discrimination

4. neither prejudice nor discrimination

82. An African American person who is given a job because he or she is best-suited to the job is an example of                 .

1. prejudice

2. discrimination

3. both prejudice and discrimination

4. neither prejudice nor discrimination

83. An African American is given a job because the owner of a business wants to attract African American customers. This is an example of                                       .

1. prejudice

2. discrimination

3. both prejudice and discrimination

4. neither prejudice nor discrimination

84. Negative behavior directed at members of a group is known as         .

1. prejudice

2. stereotyping

3. discrimination

4. harassment

85. Prejudice is             ; discrimination is              .

1. a behavior; a belief

2. unethical; illegal

3. an attitude; a behavior

4. innate; learned

86. Mr. Bundy believes that women make poor shoe salespersons, but hires a woman to sell his shoes anyway. From this information, which of the following is true regarding Mr. Bundy?

1. He is prejudiced, but does not discriminate against women.

2. He discriminates, but is not prejudiced against women.

3. He is prejudiced and discriminates against women.

4. He hired his daughter because he felt he should.

87. Five commonly cited sources of                     are learning, personal experience, mental shortcuts, limited resources, and displaced aggression.

1. discrimination

2. bias

3. favoritism

4. prejudice

88. Who is most likely to learn a prejudice against a new group of people?

1. Angela watches a movie in which members of this group are recognized for their talents.

2. Gabriel hears his parentsand friends make derogatory statements about members of this group.

3. Kema befriends a member of this group and experiences a rise in his own self-esteem.

4. John decides to introduce a member of the group to his friends.

89. In which of the following ways can a person develop prejudice?

1. learning about a new culture.

2. generalization of a repeated positive experiences with a minority group.

3. generalization of one negative instance with a member of a minority group.

4. introducing oneself to a new group of persons.

90. The “mental shortcut” explanation for the initiation and maintenance of prejudice suggests that

            .

1. defense mechanisms are responsible for prejudice

2. stereotypes allow us to make judgments and free mental resources for other activities

3. self-talk and automatic thoughts cause prejudicial thinking

4. the self-serving bias and fundamental attribution error cause prejudicial thoughts

91. The attitude “Asian Americans are good at math” may be harmful to the motivation of Asian Americans, or members of the                         , who are not good at math.

1. ingroup

2. outgroup

3. majority

4. scapegoats

92. This is a cognitive process in which members of an ingroup are viewed more positively than members of an outgroup.

1. reciprocity of liking

2. positive familiarity

3. ingroup favoritism

4. outgroup prejudice

93. This is a cognitive process in which members of an outgroup are judged as less diverse than members of an ingroup.

1. the melting pot phenomenon

2. homeostatic similarity

3. the birds-of-a-feather phenomenon

4. outgroup homogeneity

94. Saying that members of another ethnic group “all look alike to me” may be an example of         .

1. ingroup favoritism

2. the outgroup homogeneity effect

3. outgroup negativism

4. ingroup bias

95. Which of the following principles of social psychology may have made it easier for American soldiers to kill Vietnamese civilians in the 1970s?

1. outgroup homogeneity

2. ingroup favoritism

3. homeostatic similarity

4. reciprocal dislike

96. There has been a rise in prejudice as a result of the recent economic recession. What source of prejudice can this be explained by?

1. displaced aggression

2. competition for limited resources

3. stereotypes

4. operant conditioning

97. People will attack an alternate target group rather than the real source of their frustration either when the source is bigger and retaliatory, or when it is ambiguous or unknown. This is the                   explanation for prejudice.

1. displaced aggression

2. displaced regression

3. outgroup

4. projected frustration

98. Stereotyping that occurs without conscious awareness is referred to as                          .

1. implicit bias

2. ingroup bias

3. outgroup homogeneity

4. discrimination

99. Research suggests that one of the best ways to decrease prejudice is to encourage    .

1. cooperation

2. friendly competition

3. reciprocity of liking

4. conformity

100. In the classic Sherif study, prejudice was initiated in two groups of boys at summer camp by encouraging            , and successfully eliminated by creating            .

1. ingroups; mixed groups

2. aggressive competition; friendly competition

3. competition; superordinate goals

4. passive cooperation; active cooperation

101. A               is a method for reducing prejudice that involves creating a goal that benefits both the minority and majority groups and requires cooperation to achieve.

1. reciprocal task

2. homogenous task

3. superordinate goal

4. supercilious goal

102. When a natural disaster strikes, members of a community who previously distrusted or fought with each other often work together to deal with the aftermath. Once the emergency is over, there is usually a decrease in prejudice as a result of .

1. the friendly competition fostered by the emergency team leaders

2. increased contact and cooperation brought on by the superordinate goal

3. sharing the near-death experience

4. the scarcity of resources and abundance of problems

103. For increased contact to diminish prejudice between two groups of people, which of the following factors must be present?

1. close interaction, interdependence, and equal status

2. superordinate goals and homogeneous tasks

3. reciprocity of liking, equality, and friendly competition

4. positive experiences, close interdependence, and heterogeneous goals

104. Undoing negative associations and learning positive ones, and selectively attending to similarities rather than differences are examples of                      .

1. modeling

2. empathy

3. cognitive retraining

4. superordinate goals

105. Cooperation, increased contact, and cognitive retraining all create          by increasing the discrepancy between your beliefs, emotions, and behaviors toward members of an outgroup, thus motivating you to change your prejudicial attitudes toward that group.

1. superordinate beliefs

2. non-discriminatory attitudes

3. cognitive dissonance

4. behavioral dissonance

106. This form of behavior is intended to harm someone.

1. altruism

2. aggression

3. discrimination

4. diffusion of responsibility

107. Which of the following statements regarding the possible biological or psychosocial origins of aggression has been supported by research?

1. Food additives and preservatives play a role in aggression.

2. There is no genetic predisposition to engage in aggressive acts.

3. Specific parts of the brain are implicated in aggression.

4. Substance abuse is a minor factor in aggression.

108. The frustration-aggression hypothesis predicts that         .

1. those who experience aggression may then feel frustrated

2. if you get angry with someone you are likely to hurt that person

3. if a desired goal is blocked, it creates frustration and anger that may lead to aggression

4. aggression cannot occur in the absence of frustration

109. The idea of catharsis suggests that                               .

1. venting aggression through methods such as exercise will decrease aggression

2. making a joke will decrease aggressive feelings

3. sympathizing with someone will decrease aggressive feelings

4. ignoring frustration will decrease aggression

110. Another word for “prosocial behavior” is                                .

1. empathy

2. compassion

3. assistance

4. altruism

111. Actions that are designed to help others with no obvious benefit to the helper are collectively known as     .

1. empathetic

2. sympathetic

3. altruistic

4. egotistic

112. This is an example of altruism.

1. donating blood for money

2. buying a gift for a friend so you will get a gift in return

3. letting a mother with triplet infants cut in front of you in the grocery store line

4. watching in court the gang members whom you observed selling drugs in your neighborhood

113. In the             , helping behavior is motivated by some anticipated gain.

1. empathy-altruism hypothesis

2. egoistic model

3. instinct theory

4. reciprocity model

114. In the             , helping behavior is motivated by concern for someone in need of help.

1. sympathy-ego model

2. empathy-altruism hypothesis

3. egoistic model

4. social instinct hypothesis

115. According to research, the ability to        may be innate, as illustrated by infants becoming distressed by another infant’s cries.

1. sympathize

2. be prosocial

3. empathize

4. be altruistic

116. Liza gives Susan a ride to school, in the hopes that the favor will be reciprocated at a later date. What theory of prosocial behavior does this support?

1. empathy-altruism

2. egoistic model

3. evolutionary theory

4. altruistic model

117. This theory of prosocial behavior suggests that we are more likely to help others who are close relatives, in the hopes that our genes will survive.

1. empathy-altruisum

2. egoistic model

3. evolutionary theory

4. perpetual theory

118. Which of the following is one of the steps in the decision process model of helping behavior?

1. noticing the event or problem

2. noticing the event or problem without reacting

3. lack of personal responsibility

4. solving the problem

119. Which is the correct sequence of events for Latane and Darley’s model of helping behavior?

1. notice, know how to help, interpret, accept responsibility, decide to help

2. notice, interpret, accept responsibility, know how to help, give help

3. notice, interpret, know how to help, accept responsibility, give help

4. notice, accept responsibility, interpret, know how to help, decide to help

120. This is a way to increase helping behavior related to crimes.

1. show the helper on tv and other media

2. monetary rewards for public reporting of crimes

3. legal liabilities

4. diffusion of responsibility for reporting crimes

121. The degree of positive feelings you have toward others is called         .

1. affective relations

2. interpersonal attraction

3. interpersonal attitudes

4. affective connections

122. Which of the following is one of the important factors in our initial attraction?

1. facial characteristics

2. slender body size

3. good manners

4. sound of voice

123. Physical attractiveness is important in attraction across cultures because it         .

1. is so rare

2. indicates good health, sound genes, and high fertility

3. is our most obvious characteristic

4. is more important than one’s personality

124. According to the textbook, which of the following traits are associated with attractive individuals?

1. more intelligent

2. more competitive

3. more curious

4. highly introverted

125. This explains why, despite an “ideal” for attractiveness, most of us find mates or partners.

1. evolutionary psychology

2. the eye-of-the-beholder phenomenon

3. the good-enough hypothesis

4. matching attractiveness

126. According to the text, nonverbal flirting behavior may           .

1. signal interest to a potential partner.

2. be seen as unwanted aggression.

3. increase attractiveness of a person.

4. change our standards of attractiveness

127. In heterosexual relationships, who most often initiates courtship?

1. men who make the first approach

2. women who signal their interest

3. either men or women

4. both partners jointly

128. Research on the mere exposure effect suggests that we will like a photograph of ourselves better if it is   , and our friends will prefer our photograph if it is                               .

1. reversed; reversed

2. reversed; not reversed

3. not reversed; reversed

4. not reversed; not reversed

129. Proximity is a key factor in attraction, which means that two people need to be        .

1. close to each other in size, shape, and other physical features

2. matched in personality traits

3. geographically close to each other

4. matched in intelligence

130. Repeated exposure to a stimulus will           .

1. increase attraction for that stimulus

2. decrease dislike for that stimulus

3. decrease attraction for that stimulus

4. have a variable effect, depending on the context

131. The major cementing factor(s) in maintaining a long-term relationship is (are)          .

1. physical attractiveness

2. proximity

3. similarity

4. proximity and physical attractiveness

132. The phrase “opposites attract” probably holds true for which of the following?

1. values

2. social background

3. personality

4. age

133. This is an important element in Sternberg’s concept of loving.

1. dating

2. marriage

3. intimacy

4. similarity

134. In Sternberg’s study, a healthy degree of all three components in both partners characterizes    

love.

1. consummate

2. romantic

3. successful

4. satisfying

135. According to Sternberg, trouble occurs when one of the partners has                       need for one or more of the components.

1. higher

2. lower

3. equal

4. higher or lower

136. Romantic love lasts             .

1. forever, for a lucky few

2. for less than 6 weeks for most couples

3. for 6-30 months in many cases

4. for 3-6 years

137. Romantic love is usually based on             .

1. mystery and fantasy

2. the pleasure principle

3. reality

4. realistic expectations

138. Two problems with romantic love are that it           .

1. lasts too long and uses up too much energy

2. is based on illusions and is short-lived

3. lacks compassion and real attraction

4. is immature and rare after early adulthood

139. A strong and lasting attraction characterized by trust, caring, tolerance, and friendship is called

            .

1. companionate love

2. intimate love

3. passionate love

4. discriminate love

140. A constructive way to maintain companionate love is to           .

1. be realistic about each other’s faults

2. overlook each other's faults

3. point out each other's faults

4. overlook your partner's faults; point out your own

141. Charlton says that " handguns should be registered, and owners should be required to keep a trigger lock on them,". This is an example of which component of Charlton's attitude about guns?

1. Affective

2. Cognitive

3. Behavioral

4. Emotional