Georgia Military College

PATHO HCR 240

Patho- Ch 6 -Quiz

1)A client with nonspecific signs/symptoms has gone to the primary health care provider complaining of extreme fatigue, unplanned weight loss, and being so weak in the muscles. The diagnostic workup revealed an elevated carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor marker. The nurse should anticipate the physician will order which diagnostic tests related to the elevated CEA?

1. 1. Testicular ultrasound
   2. Colonoscopy
   3. Mammogram

2. A client has been diagnosed with cancer that was a result of dysfunctional apoptosis. The health care provider explains the process to the multidisciplinary client care team. Select the best explanation.

3. The nurse is orienting a student to the oncology setting. Which characteristic does the student identify as one that is representative of a benign tumor?

4. During a lecture on stem cells, the professor mentions that the first few cells produced after fertilization are totipotent and divide into which types of cells?
   1. Embryonic cells
   2. Extraembryonic cells

5. The angiogenesis process, which allows tumors to develop new blood vessels, is triggered and regulated by tumor-secreted:

6. Paraneoplastic syndromes are manifestations of cancer that often result from:

7. The nurse recognizes that both grading and staging are methods for classifying cancer and selecting a treatment plan. What is clinical staging used to determine?

8. A client diagnosed with breast cancer will undergo a surgical procedure that includes biopsy of the sentinel node. What can be accomplished by this biopsy?

9. Cancer prognosis has improved most dramatically when treatment plans include which of the following?

10. A client is diagnosed with an adenoma. The nursing student identifies this as a:

11. A nursing student who describes cell characteristics that include regulated growth, genetic stability, limited lifespan, and growth factor dependence is talking about which type of cell?

12. A client whose mother and grandmother both have had cancer is at a higher risk for also developing the disease. Which tumor suppressor genes are associated with genetic susceptibility to breast cancer?
    1. BRCA1
    2. BRCA2

13. A nursing student has learned in class that with abdominal cancer the tumor may compress the viscera, which will cause which of the following?

14. A nursing student who is studying cancer cells identifies which of the following to be the best definition of anaplasia?

15. Which option most accurately describes the physiologic process resulting in more specialized cells with each mitotic division?

16. A nursing student who is studying cancer correctly identifies which of the following as a method for classifying cancers?:

17. Select the statement that best describes stem cells.

18. Which is an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues?

19. The nursing student studying cancer identifies which term to refer to the "new growth" that comes about with cell differentiation and growth?

20. A family member asks the nurse, "What do they mean when they start talking about stem cells?" What is the nurse's best response?

21. Following a biopsy, a client has been diagnosed as having a benign neoplastic tumor. Which characteristic most likely applies to his tumor?

22. A client is being treated for stomach cancer. The client is in considerable and constant pain, and the family is asking why. How does soft tissue cancer cause pain?

23. A client's tissue biopsy reveals the presence of cells that appear to have abnormalities in shape and size. Carcinoma is suspected because these cells possess the characteristics of:

24. A client has undergone extensive diagnostic testing and has been diagnosed with breast cancer staged as T3, N0, M0. What conclusion can the nurse draw from the staging of the client's breast cancer?

25. Based solely on the inheritable condition, a child with Down syndrome is susceptible for developing which type of cancer?

26. The oncologist has assessed a client diagnosed with cancer and determined that radiation therapy is the best course of treatment. The therapy will be most effective for:

27. A 51-year-old client has been diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer with lung metastases. The oncologist sits down with the client/family to explain treatment options. The nurse knows that which treatment option will be discussed for her cancers?

28. The nurse is conducting a community class on the importance of early recognition of cancer. Screening mechanisms are available for which cancers?
    1. Cervical
    2. Prostate
    3. Breast

29. Which statement represents the primary advantage of targeted cancer therapy?

30. A 61-year-old male client is scheduled to begin chemotherapy for the treatment of his bone cancer shortly. Staff at the cancer center have educated the man and his wife about the goals, course, and expectations of his treatment. Which medications and treatments might the man anticipate needing during and after his course of treatment?

31. A client who has recently attended a talk on healthy tips for preventing cancer identifies which foods/compounds to be carcinogenic in humans?
    1. Cigarette smoke
    2. Nickel compounds
    3. Smoked foods

32. The nurse is conducting cancer risk assessment at a community health fair. A client states that he smokes and drinks considerable amounts of alcohol. The nurse concludes that the client is at risk for which type of cancer?
    1. Oral
    2. Laryngeal
    3. Esophageal

33. A client had a positive Pap smear. The surgeon diagnosed “cancer in situ of the cervix.” The client asks, “What does this mean?” From the following statements, which is most appropriate in response to this question? The tumor has:

34. A client is scheduled for a bronchoscopy related to a history of “bronchitis” for the last 3 months that has been unresponsive to antibiotics. The nurse shares with the client that a primary purpose for this bronchoscopy is to help diagnose which complication?

35. The nurse has provided an educational session with a 56-year-old man newly diagnosed with a benign tumor of the colon. The nurse knows that the client needs further teaching when he makes which remark?

36. The nurse in the oncology unit has just admitted a client with metastatic cancer. The client asks how cancer moves from one place to another in the body. What would the nurse answer?

37. A client who is diagnosed with breast cancer asks the nurse if cancer cells ever die. Which statement is the nurse's best response?

38. It is well known that cancer is not a single disease. It follows then that cancer does not have a single cause. It seems more likely that the occurrence of cancer is triggered by the interactions of multiple risk factors. What are some identified risk factors for cancer?

39. A nurse doing a presentation on cancer to a local community group identifies which factors to be high-risk and associated with cancer development?
    1. Heredity
    2. Hormonal factors

1. 3. Environmental agents
   4. Immunologic mechanisms

40. A nurse is teaching a group of clients about causes/risk factors for cancer, which include which factors?
    1. Age
    2. Environment
    3. Genetics
    4. Heredity

41. In some cancers, the presenting factor is an effusion, or fluid, in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces. Research has found that almost 50% of undiagnosed effusions in people not known to have cancer turn out to be malignant. Which cancers are often found because of effusions?

42. A big difference in the treatment of childhood cancer as opposed to adult cancer is that chemotherapy is the most widely used treatment therapy for childhood cancer. What is the reason for this?

43. A client has been diagnosed with cancer and will begin aggressive treatment. The client's course of treatment includes drug therapies that affect cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). This drug will achieve a therapeutic effect by:

44. While reviewing a pathophysiology chapter on cell proliferation and tissue repair, the study group notices that the transition from G2 to M in the cell cycle is an important checkpoint and requires which proteins to be available to complete the process?
    1. Cyclin B
    2. Cyclin-depentend kinases 1 (CDK1)

45. An oncologic client is scheduled to begin antiangiogenesis therapy. What is the goal of this type of treatment?

46. A biopsy of a client's liver has been taken because there is suspicion that his lung cancer may have metastasized. The results confirm that there are cancerous cells in the client's liver and the oncologist has estimated a high growth fraction in the sample. The nurse should draw what implication from this finding?

47. A client is diagnosed with metastatic lung cancer. The client begins treatment imminently but is experiencing nausea, vomiting, and abnormal ECG findings on admission. When assessing the client for possible paraneoplastic syndromes, the nurse should prioritize what laboratory assessment?

48. A client has been diagnosed with bladder cancer and is meeting with the interdisciplinary team to determine a course of treatment. The client's disease is believed to be treatable with targeted cancer therapies. What should the client be taught about this form of cancer treatment?

49. A 2-year-old child has been diagnosed with neuroblastoma. The tumor is extremely large. Parents ask how this cancer could be so extensive, yet the child has not displayed many symptoms until this past week. Nurses explain that early diagnosis of childhood cancers is often difficult because the signs and symptoms are:

50. A lung biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging have confirmed the presence of a benign lung tumor in a client. Which characteristic is associated with this client's neoplasm?

51. A public health nurse has cited a reduction in cancer risk among the many benefits of maintaining a healthy body mass index. Which fact underlies the relationship between obesity and cancer?

52. Which dietary guideline should a nurse provide to a group of older adults to possibly decrease their risks of developing colon cancer?

53. Select the option that best identifies how adult cancers differ in origin from childhood cancers. Adult cancers originate from:

54. A cancer client has been prescribed 5-fluorouracil, an antimetabolite chemotherapy agent. This medication stops normal development and division by interrupting the S phase of the cell cycle. When teaching this client, the nurse explains that during the S phase of the cell cycle:

55. The nursing instructor is teaching a class about cancer and informs the students that the difference between benign and malignant neoplasms include which distinguishing characteristics?
    1. Cell characteristics
    2. Rate of growth
    3. Manner of growth
    4. Capacity to invade and metastasize
    5. Potential for causing death

56. While studying cancer, nursing students learn about the process by which cancer-causing agents cause normal cells to become cancerous. This process is a multi-step mechanism that can be divided into three stages, which include which of the following?
    1. Initiation
    2. Promotion
    3. Progression

57. The oncology nurse understands that the development of effusions in the pleural, pericardial, or peritoneal spaces is often the presenting sign of some tumors. Which cancer is most often associated with accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

58. The health care provider is reviewing diagnostic results of a client with suspected ovarian cancer. Select the result that would be of most concern.

59. Because an adolescent has revealed a history of childhood cancer, the nurse should include in the plan of care an assessment for which late-therapy sequelae?
    1. Impaired growth
    2. Neurologic dysfunction
    3. Hormonal dysfunction

60. A nurse interpreting a pathology report that indicates a client has an adenoma determines that the client's tumor is considered:

61. An oncology nurse is caring for a client with newly diagnosed B-cell lymphoma. Extensive blood work has been drawn and sent to the lab. Results reveal an elevated antiapoptotic protein BCL-2 level. The client/family asks, “What does this mean?” The health care provider bases his or her response on the fact that:

62. When discussing the cell cycle in an oncology lecture, the faculty mentions that highly specialized cells like neurons may permanently stay in which cell cycle?

63. During the synthesis phase of the cell cycle, the cell is:

64. Four clients come to the clinic for a yearly wellness check. Which client likely faces the lowest risk of cancer?

65. A nurse reading a client's chart notes that the client's cancer is documented as carcinoma in situ of the cervix. Which term most accurately interprets what this means in terms of survival?

66. A client is currently receiving chemotherapy treatment and has developed thrombocytopenia. The most appropriate intervention for the nurse to implement would be:

67. A 5-year-old girl's diagnosis of bone cancer required an aggressive treatment regimen. Which consideration forms the most significant threat to her future health?

68. Nurses understand the importance of early detection for cancer. The best way to diagnose cancer in clients at its earliest stage is through which procedure?

69. An oncology nurse recognizes that the cluster of differentiation (CD) antigen is present on leukocytes and is the tumor marker used in which cancers?
    1. Leukemia
    2. Lymphoma

70. A nursing student correctly identifies methods that can be utilized to perform a tissue biopsy for the purpose of diagnosing cancer types. What are these methods?
    1. Needle biopsy
    2. Endoscopic method
    3. Laparoscopic method
    4. Excisional biopsy

71. In referring to growth and development with children, when does the nurse recognize this process begins?

72. A nurse caring for a client with progressive cancer notes that the client has experienced significant loss of skeletal muscle and fat. The nurse documents this as:

73. The nurse teaching a group of adolescent girls about Papanicolaou (Pap) testing determines that additional education is needed when one makes which statement?

74. A client has undergone a screening colonoscopy. The doctor removed several polyps that were sent to pathology and identified as benign. Select the best explanation of a polyp.

75. A client received a liver transplant and is now taking immunosuppressant medication. The client has been told that a potential side effect of the therapy is the development of cancer. Select the option that best supports this information.

76. A breast cancer client has just learned that her tumor clinical stage is T3, N2, M0. After the physician leaves, the client asks the nurse to explain this to her again. The nurse will use which statement in his or her answer? Your:

77. One group of chemical carcinogens is called indirect-reacting agents. Another term for these agents is procarcinogens, which become active only after metabolic conversion. One of the most potent procarcinogens is a group of dietary carcinogens called:

78. Tumor markers are used for screening, establishing prognosis, monitoring treatment, and detecting recurrent disease. Which serum tumor markers have been proven to be among the most useful in clinical practice?

79. A woman diagnosed with breast cancer asks the nurse how a malignant tumor in her breast could spread to other parts of her body. The nurse answers that a malignant neoplasm is made of up less well-differentiated cells that have which abilities?
    1. Break loose
    2. Enter the circulatory or lymphatic systems
    3. Form secondary malignant tumors at other sites

80. Blood-borne cancerous cells have recently spread from a woman's primary tumor in her pancreas to her bones. What components of the woman's immune system are likely to be directly involved in the attempt to eradicate the potential metastasis?

81. A nurse is caring for a child with a history of cancer who was treated with moderate doses of radiation therapy. Which pediatric symptom is commonly experienced in this population?

82. Select the option that best describes metastasis.

83. The nurse has just completed a presentation to a group of senior citizens regarding health promotion and screening activities for the detection of cancer. The nurse realizes further teaching is necessary when a participant identifies a definitive test is available for which type of cancer?