B) Turkey. C) Egypt. D) eastern Iranian provinces.

E) all of the above.

4

1. 2. The extensive underground water networks built to irrigate fields and provide water to urban areas in Iran were known as
      1. Fars. B) caliphs.

C) milieus. D) Persepolis.

E) qanats.

4

1. 3. Faiths limited to a region or people and nonmonotheistic beliefs of Late Antiquity are considered
      1. universalist. B) pagan.

C) Manichaeistic. D) Zoroastrian.

E) exilarch.

5

1. 4. Rabbis were teachers, interpreters of the law, and exemplars of religious life within . A) Islam

B) Christianity C) Zoroastrianism D) Manichaeism

E) Judaism  6 73

1. 5. In the fourth century C.E., Byzantium became a  city. A) Muslim

B) Jewish C) Christian D) Buddhist

E) Hindu

6

1. 6. The holy book of Islam is the A) New Testament.

B) Qur?an. C) Old Testament. D) Talmud.

E) Hijaz.

6

1. 7. All of the following ruled ancient Iran EXCEPT the A) Byzantines.

B) Achaemenids. C) Parthians. D) Sasanids.

E) Seleucids.

6

1. 8. The Seleucid dynasty was founded by A) the Romans.

B) invaders from the northern frontier. C) one of Alexander the Great?s generals. D) the Egyptians.

E) Shapur I.

7

1. 9. Iranian dynasties built many urban centers for the purpose of A) religious worship of local gods.

B) defining their borders. C) housing religious communities. D) showcasing imperial wealth and patronage.

E) all of the above.

7

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1. 10. Rome and the Sasanid dynasty of Iran had numerous confrontations over A) trade.

B) Armenia and Mesopotamia. C) the role of the Balkans. D) religion.

E) a desire by both for world supremacy.

8

1. 11. The city named by Constantine the Great as the ?New Rome? became known in history as A) Milan.

B) Nicomedia. C) Constantinople. D) Ravenna.

E) Vienna.

1

1. 12. What was the importance of the Edict of Milan? A) split the Roman Empire into two sections

B) established the system that gave rulers of Byzantium secular and spiritual power C) affirmed Christ as divine

4. gave Christians freedom to worship within the Roman Empire
5. none of the above

1

1. 13. The site of Constantinople was of special importance because it was established A) near the centers of Roman culture.

B) close enough to Rome to provide it with defensive assistance against the Germanic tribes. C) to command the western Mediterranean. D) to control the exit from and entry into the Mediterranean.

E) to command the waterway separating Europe and Asia.

1

1. 14. The theological doctrine that affirmed that Christ was not of the same substance as God, and, therefore, was less than his father is known as
       1. In hoc signo vinces. B) Shintu.

C) Arian heresy. D) augusti.

E) caesaropapism.

1

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1. 15. The Christian doctrine asserting that the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit exist as a perfect unity in one godhead is (the)
       1. neo-Platonism. B) heresy.

C) incarnation. D) trinity.

E) monophysite.

1

1. 16. While the western Roman Empire weakened, what was the condition of Constantinople? A) Constantinople eliminated Christianity.

B) Constantinople became stronger and wealthier. C) Constantinople failed to assert military leadership. D) Constantinople suffered a low standard of living.

E) Constantinople collapsed at the hands of the Germans.

4

1. 17. Justinian and Theodora?s major aim was to A) defend Christendom from the Muslim hordes.

B) establish an immense Asiatic empire. C) restore Rome?s trading ties to Asia. D) restore the Roman Empire to its previous size and splendor.

E) all of the above.

4

1. 18. Which of the following was NOT a contribution of Emperor Justinian? A) publication of the Code of Justinian

B) building of the monumental Hagia Sophia C) rebuilding of the city after massive earthquakes D) reunification of the East and West Roman worlds

E) reclamation of the southern part of Spain

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1. 19. The Nika rebellion A) failed to overthrow Emperor Justinian.

B) defeated the Visigoths. C) caused Justinian to flee Constantinople. D) established the Justinian Codes.

E) succeeded in overthrowing Emperor Justinian.

4

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1. 20. Which of the following did NOT threaten the Byzantines? A) Bulgars

B) Lombards C) Persians D) Gauls

E) Slavs

5

1. 21. A key to the decline of the Byzantine Empire after the 11th century was A) disease.

B) assaults by Arab armies under the banner of Islam. C) the fall of the Roman Empire in the West. D) the absence of invaders, thereby eliminating the danger that encouraged hard work and

devotion to duty. E) the abandonment of the free peasantry and the theme system.

6

1. 22. In the three centuries from 565 to 867, the Byzantine Empire was under constant attack by all of the following EXCEPT
       1. the Persians. B) the Mongols.

C) Iraq. D) the Avars and Bulgars.

E) the Arabs.

6

1. 23. Constantinople A) possessed sewage and water systems.

B) could feed 1 million people. C) had set wages profits, work hours, and prices. D) all of these.

E) none of these.

8

1. 24. The patriarch of Constantinople A) served the emperor. B) chose the emperor.

C) was the counterpart to the pope in Rome. D) had no political influence.

E) had no religious influence.

0

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1. 25. The iconoclastic controversy, responsible for separating Eastern and Western branches of the Christian church, involved
       1. differing perceptions of the nature of Jesus. B) the destruction of images of sacred personages as idols.

C) friction over the kind of bread to use during religious ceremonies. D) the method of selecting the head of the church.

E) the role of the pope.

0

1. 26. The center of pre-Islamic religion in the Arabian Peninsula was A) Jerusalem

B) Abyssinia. C) Jiddah. D) Medina.

E) Mecca.

3

1. 27. One of the sources of income for the Quraysh tribe was the A) income from pilgrims visiting the Ka?ba.

B) sale of tobacco products. C) provision of mercenaries and bodyguards. D) production of fine steel blades.

E) creation of woolen products.

3

1. 28. The site of the religious shrine, the Ka?ba, was A) Damascus.

B) Jerusalem. C) Medina. D) Mecca.

E) Yathrib.

3

1. 29. The Arabic word Allah means A) the law.

B) hello. C) the God. D) eternity.

E) all of the above.

3

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1. 30. The city of Mecca was controlled by the       tribe. A) Quraysh

B) al-Gebra C) al-Mahdi D) al-Saud

E) none of the above

3

1. 31. The founder of Islam was A) Abu Bakr.

B) Khuwaylid. C) Vladimir. D) Yaroslav the Wise.

E) Muhammad.

4

1. 32. Muhammad was all of the following EXCEPT A) a bachelor.

B) an orphan. C) a soldier. D) a prophet.

E) a merchant.

5

1. 33. A follower of Islam is most often known as a(n) A) Koranian.

B) umma. C) Muslim. D) caliph.

E) Muhammadan.

5

1. 34. The name of the faith taught by Muhammad is A) Allah.

B) Muhammadanism. C) Islam. D) Muslimism.

E) all of the above.

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1. 35. According to Muhammad, he received his inspiration A) from drug-induced hallucinations.

B) from the example of his saintly wife. C) directly from God. D) from engraved stone tablets found in the hills.

E) in dreams.

5

1. 36. The local leadership in Mecca initially A) sought assistance from Constantinople.

B) embraced Muhammad?s teachings. C) attacked Muhammad. D) converted immediately to Christianity.

E) asked for Zoroastrian missionaries.

5

1. 37. Muhammad A) was unsuccessful in converting anybody.

B) was assassinated by a follower, but gained status as a martyr. C) was killed by the Meccans, but gained status as a martyr. D) led violent purges against opposition in Mecca, Medina, and among the Quraysh.

E) destroyed Mecca and returned to remake it.

5

1. 38. The event that Muslims regard as the start of their era or calendar is the A) Qur?an

B) Umayyad. C) Jihad. D) Medina.

E) Hijra.

5

1. 39. Muhammad established          as the political center of Islam. A) Mecca

B) Damascus C) Cairo D) Medina

E) Jerusalem

5

80

1. 40. The important sources of values and ethical paths of behavior for Islam include all of the following EXCEPT the
       1. Qur?an. B) Hadith.

C) Bible. D) Sunna.

E) none of the above.

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1. 41. The Qur?an forms the basic document for Islamic study of A) theology.

B) science. C) law. D) marriage.

E) all of the above.

6

1. 42. The language of the Qur?an, which has created a great deal of linguistic unity in the Islamic community, is
       1. Latin.        B) Persian.   C) Aramaic.   D) Arabic.   E) Greek.

6

1. 43. Although Islam recognizes many prophets, including many from the Bible, to Muslims the last and greatest prophet was
       1. Abraham. B) Muhammad.

C) Jesus. D) Moses.

E) Alexander the Great.

6

1. 44. The basic duties of a Muslim are called the A) Seven Sacraments.

B) Five Pillars. C) Decalogue. D) Hadith.

E) none of the above.

6

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1. 45. Under the laws of Islam, the Islamic community is a theocratic state, which means that A) only Muslims are allowed to be citizens.

B) all religious and political power is held by the state on behalf of God. C) free will and individualism play prominent roles. D) all actions are governed by the ?Pillars of Faith.?

E) the church was combined with the army to form a government.

6

1. 46. The                  serve(s) as a pattern for a model way of life to be imitated by the faithful. A) Miraj

B) Five Pillars. C) umma D) sunna

E) hadith

8

1. 47. Jihad represents A) the acceptance of other kingdoms within the Muslim world.

B) the hierarchy of Islam. C) force applied to conversion and conquest within Islam. D) the peaceful conversion of non-believers.

E) prayer.

8

1. 48. After Muhammad?s death, leadership of Islam passed to a political leader or caliph who was A) Abu Bakr.

B) the king of Arabia. C) his son and heir. D) his brother who had served as his leading general.

E) his daughter.

9

1. 49. Which of the following statements is TRUE of Islam in the century after 632? A) The Islamic world remained limited to Arabia.