Florida International University

SOP 4731

REVIEW QUESTIONS

CHAPTER 1

1)A cat teaches another cat in the same alley to hold a mouse a certain way so that the mouse can be more easily eaten. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be “culture”?

1. 1. 2. In an African Studies research paper that you are writing for publication, you use the word “culture” to refer to a South African people. Which of the following is NOT a challenge to using this definition of culture to indicate “South Africans”?

1. 1. 3. According to the definition offered in the textbook, which of the following would NOT be a good example of “culture”?

1. 1. 4. A chimpanzee learns from his human zookeeper to wash carrots in the artificial river in his habitat before eating them. Based on the definitions of culture used in the textbook, can this example be said to be “culture”?

1. 1. 5. A key difference between “cultural” psychologists and “general” psychologists is that

1. 1. 6. Your friend is doing a series of visual tasks. In one task, she had to track an object sliding across the screen (slide task). In another task, she had to track an object that popped up on the screen and then disappeared (pop task). According to a brain scan taken during the tasks, her left inferior parietal lobule and right precentral gyrus

showed greater activation during the slide task than during the pop task. What does this mean?

1. 1. 7. A key belief of the Sambia is that

0. 1. 8. In the Sambian context, the cultural emphasis on boys to go through rituals such as piercing their noses and thrashing them with sticks suggest that, for the Sambia,
1. men must work hard to maintain their innate maleness.
2. women need to work toward obtaining a femaleness essence.
3. pain is not associated with masculinity.
4. masculinity is something that boys gain from certain behaviors.
5. there is also a strong emphasis on sexuality being rigid and unchangeable.

1. 1. 9. According to the Sambia,

1. 1. 10. After an exhaustive study, you find no cultural variation across all samples explored in terms of sleeping in a tree at night. This finding would best be labeled as a(n)

1. 1. 11. Which of the following levels of psychological universals was NOT proposed by Norenzayan and Heine?

1. 1. 12. All cultures congratulate their members’ achievements to make them feel good about themselves, but some cultures are much more willing to do this than others. According to Norenzayan and Heine, what is this an example of?

1. 1. 13. Assume that the act of giving gifts to neighbors has been documented in every culture that exists in the world. Which of the following is definitely true about the act of gift giving?

1. 1. 14. Your research team found evidence that people in multiple cultures walk with their shoes on their heads, but this “shoe­on­head” way of walking is activated for different reasons across cultures. This would be evidence of a(n)

.

1. 1. 15. People from all cultures use umbrellas, but in some cultures umbrellas are used only to block rainwater, whereas in other cultures umbrellas are used only to block the sun. The use of umbrellas across cultures would thus be classified as a(n)

1. 1. 16. You grew up learning that nodding your head means “yes,” and most people you know do the same; however, you recently learned that people in some cultures nod their heads when they mean to say “no.” Nodding your head would thus be characterized as a(n)

1. 1. 17. Celebrating birthdays is a functional universal. This means that in two cultures, the purpose of birthdays is

                              across the cultures and how important birthdays are is                             across the cultures.

1. different; the same
2. different; different
3. the same; the same
4. the same; different
5. There is not enough information to answer this question.

1. 1. 18. You review all of the studies that you’ve done in your career and realize that they all use WEIRD samples. Based on this characteristic of your samples, which of the following challenges is the most applicable to your work?
      19. You want to raise your child so that she will not be susceptible to the Müller­Lyer illusion. Based on what the textbook discusses as being the reason for why some people are more susceptible to this illusion than others, what should you do to make your child less susceptible to it?

1. 1. 20. Jarad wants to make sure that he does not raise children who are susceptible to the Müller­Lyer

illusion. As such, he should

1. first establish whether that susceptibility is an existential universal.
2. adopt the perspective of a general psychologist.
3. make sure his children are low on ethnocentrism.
4. raise his children in places where corners are uncommon.
5. put his children through the Russian cultural­historical school of psychology.

1. 1. 21. You decide to start a new research project investigating the universality of drinking alcohol. To do so, you investigate two different cultures from two different continents (the Netherlands and Canada). You find evidence that people in both countries drink beer to the same extent and for the same reasons. Which of the following conclusions can you make about drinking alcohol?

0. 1. 22. The boss of a company in the United States has instituted a new policy requiring all interactions between workers, who are predominantly white Americans, to take a culture­blind approach. This means that the
1. boss wants the workers to treat each other as individuals, with individual experiences and individual histories.
2. boss belongs to the Russian culture­historical school.
3. ethnic minority workers will be more engaged with their work than they were before the new policy was instituted.
4. boss wants the workers to focus on aspects of psychology that are considered nonuniversals.
5. white American workers will act in less prejudicial ways toward ethnic minority workers.

1. 1. 23. As the incoming CEO of a company where people of different ethnicities work in the same workspace, you have been given the task of creating a positive and friendly work environment. This means that people of different ethnicities should have trust in the company and have positive emotions toward each other. To do so, you plan to give a speech. According to the textbook, which of the following is the ideal approach to take in that speech?

1. 1. 24. Which of the following is an example of ethnocentrism?