Florida International University

BIO PCB 4023

Chapter 16

1)Which of the following processes is NOT a part of external respiration?

1. 1. the use of oxygen and generation of carbon dioxide by the mitochondria during energy metabolism
   2. the movement of air into and out of the lungs by bulk flow
   3. the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and body tissues by the blood
   4. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and tissues by diffusion
   5. the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood by diffusion

2. Which of the following specifically describes the movement of air into and out of the lungs?
   1. internal respiration
   2. pulmonary ventilation
   3. respiration
   4. secondary ventilation
   5. expiration

3. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system?
   1. vocalization
   2. electrolyte balance of blood
   3. enhancing venous return
   4. heat loss
   5. acid-base balance of blood

4. What is the primary anatomical difference that marks the dividing line between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract?
   1. the absence of goblet cells
   2. the presence of macrophages
   3. the presence of smooth muscle and the absence of cartilage
   4. the absence of cartilage
   5. the thickness of the walls surrounding the air spaces

5. What is the significance of the respiratory membrane to facilitate gas exchange?
   1. It is covered with surfactant to accelerate gas exchange.
   2. Its thickness prohibits the alveoli from pulling away from the capillary.
   3. All three surfaces are kept moist through interstitial fluid exchange.
   4. The surface area is increased with this membrane.
   5. Epithelial and endothelial cells share a common basement membrane.

6. Why are alveoli arranged in small grape-like clusters?
   1. increase chest volume and elasticity (resilience)
   2. maximize surface area
   3. maximize density and volume
   4. maximize surface area and minimize thickness
   5. increase tidal volume

7. What are the smallest (and most distal) structures that remain a component of the conducting zone in the respiratory tract?
   1. terminal bronchioles
   2. bronchi
   3. tertiary bronchioles

1. 4. secondary bronchi
   5. respiratory bronchioles

8. What is the function of ciliated cells in the conducting zone?
   1. propel mucus containing trapped particles toward the glottis
   2. move macrophages down the conducting zone toward the respiratory zone
   3. engulf foreign material that has been trapped within the mucus
   4. provide the rigid support that keeps the conducting zone open
   5. produce a viscous solution called mucus

9. Which of the following becomes more abundant deeper into the conducting zone (from bronchi to bronchioles)?
   1. cilia
   2. type I alveolar cells
   3. cartilage
   4. goblet cells
   5. smooth muscle

10. Which of the following is most abundant in the trachea and bronchi, becoming much less dense (and eventually absent) in the bronchioles?
    1. macrophages
    2. type II alveolar cells
    3. smooth muscle cells
    4. goblet cells
    5. cartilage

11. The transition from the conducting to the respiratory zone in the lungs occurs at the
    1. respiratory bronchioles.
    2. tertiary bronchi.
    3. alveoli.
    4. terminal bronchioles.
    5. alveolar ducts.

12. What is the function of alveolar pores?
    1. speed the rate of diffusion
    2. equalize pressure in the lungs
    3. allow for exhalation of H2O formed during cellular respiration
    4. allow for nutrients to reach the alveolar cells
    5. a portal for diapedesis

13. What are the most common cells that line the surface of the alveoli and are therefore associated with the exchange of gases within the lungs?
    1. macrophages
    2. goblet cells
    3. type I alveolar cells
    4. type II alveolar cells
    5. type III alveolar cells

14. What is the thin barrier (0.2 !m) that allows for the efficient exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood called?
    1. endothelial cell
    2. type I alveolar cell
    3. type II alveolar cell
    4. respiratory membrane
    5. alveolar macrophage

15. What happens to a dust particle that is too large to stay airborne and land in the alveoli?
    1. It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out.
    2. It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.
    3. It lands in the mucociliary ladder and moves to the pharynx to be swallowed.
    4. It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed.
    5. It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.

16. What happens to a dust particle that is too small to fall from the inspired air and land in the alveoli?
    1. It lands in the respiratory bronchiole, where it is coughed out
    2. It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize it.
    3. It lands in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the trachea to be exhaled.
    4. It lands in the bronchi, where it is absorbed.
    5. It is inhaled and then exhaled.

17. Mycoplasma tuberculosis, the causative agent in tuberculosis, primarily infects the alveolar macrophages and is therefore very fortunate in its size. Why is this statement true?
    1. It is just large enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where type II macrophages phagocytize them.
    2. It is too small to be caught in the mucociliary ladder and too large to be immediately exhaled, thereby landing it in the alveoli.
    3. It is just small enough to land in the bronchi, where it is absorbed by alveolar macrophages.
    4. It is just large enough to land in the respiratory bronchiole, where it migrates to the alveoli.
    5. It is just small enough to land in the mucociliary ladder, where it is moved to the alveoli to infect macrophages.

18. An ex-smoker with emphysema has a pulmonary erosion into his intrapleural space. What life-threatening condition is he at imminent risk of developing?-+
    1. bacterial pneumonia
    2. pulmonary fibrosis
    3. pneumothorax (air leaking into the intrapleural space)
    4. adhesions to the parietal pleura
    5. acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

19. What keeps the visceral pleura in close proximity to the parietal pleura?
    1. positive pressure in the intrapleural space
    2. surface tension of the intrapleural fluid
    3. the mesothelia are one and the same
    4. trans-alveolar pressure
    5. spider web-like processes extending from the outer covering

20. The COPD called emphysema forces the afflicted to exhale through pursed lips to maintain intrabronchial backpressure, thereby preventing
    1. the use of secondary breathing muscles.

1. 2. surface tension decrease.
   3. decreased traction.
   4. mixing of oxygenated/deoxygenated blood.
   5. airway collapse.

21. Which of the following is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disorder characterized by reversible obstruction of the airways?
    1. tuberculosis
    2. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    3. asthma
    4. pulmonary edema
    5. pulmonary fibrosis

22. When air is no longer moving through the respiratory tract and the airway is open to the environment, the pressure within the lung is equal to
    1. end-diastolic pressure.
    2. transpulmonary pressure.
    3. atmospheric pressure.
    4. intrapleural pressure.
    5. systolic blood pressure.

23. The difference between what two pressures drives air into and out of the lungs?
    1. atmospheric and intrapleural
    2. pulmonary venous and atmospheric
    3. central venous and intracoronary
    4. atmospheric and intra-alveolar
    5. intrapleural and intra-alveolar

24. Which of the following occurs when intra-alveolar pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure?
    1. Air moves into the lung.
    2. Air moves out of the lung.
    3. Intrapleural pressure is greater than intra-alveolar pressure.
    4. The lung must be expanding.
    5. The lung collapses.

25. Which of the following varies rhythmically with respiration?
    1. atmospheric pressure only
    2. intrapleural pressure only
    3. intra-alveolar pressure only
    4. both intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
    5. both atmospheric pressure and intrapleural pressure

26. The difference between intrapleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure is
    1. the driving force for air flow into and out of the lungs.
    2. zero.
    3. atmospheric pressure.
    4. approximately 100 mm Hg.
    5. transpulmonary pressure.
27. Which of the following is a measure of the distending force across the lungs?

1. 1. intra-alveolar pressure
   2. atmospheric pressure
   3. difference between intra-alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure
   4. transpulmonary pressure
   5. intrapleural pressure

28. Equilibration of pressure between the intrapleural space and the alveoli will lead to which of the following?
    1. air moving into the lungs
    2. restrictive pulmonary disease
    3. a pneumothorax (the lung will collapse)
    4. air moving out of the lungs
    5. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

29. What is the volume of air present in the lungs when the lungs are at rest (in between breaths)?
    1. total lung capacity
    2. zero
    3. functional residual capacity
    4. residual volume
    5. tidal volume

30. Which of the following is TRUE when the lung volume is equal to the functional residual capacity?
    1. Intra-alveolar pressure is less than intrapleural pressure.
    2. Intra-alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure.
    3. The elastic recoil of the lungs is balanced by the elastic recoil of the chest wall.
    4. Intrapleural pressure is zero.
    5. Intra-alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure.

31. As the lungs expand, intra-alveolar pressure  and air moves           the lungs.
    1. decreases : out of
    2. decreases : into
    3. increases : out of
    4. increases : into
    5. does not change : neither into nor out of

32. As the volume of the lung increases, atmospheric pressure
    1. will not change.
    2. will follow the ideal gas law.
    3. decreases.
    4. increases.
    5. will follow Starling's law.

33. What does contraction of the diaphragm cause?
    1. decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in atmospheric pressure
    2. decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure
    3. increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
    4. decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, a decrease in intra-alveolar pressure
    5. increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity and, therefore, an increase in intra-alveolar pressure
34. What are the primary inspiratory muscles?
    1. diaphragm and internal intercostals

1. 2. external and internal intercostals
   3. diaphragm and external intercostals
   4. diaphragm and the external and internal intercostals
   5. diaphragm and abdominal muscles

35. The muscles of respiration are
    1. smooth muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
    2. smooth muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
    3. smooth muscle, without innervation.
    4. skeletal muscle, innervated by the somatic nervous system.
    5. skeletal muscle, innervated by the autonomic nervous system.

36. As the volume of the chest wall increases, the concomitant expansion of the lungs is due to a(n)
    1. increase in intrapleural pressure.
    2. decrease in intra-alveolar pressure.
    3. increase in atmospheric pressure.
    4. increase in transpulmonary pressure.
    5. decrease in transpulmonary pressure.

37. At rest, expiration is a(n)        process that involves         .
    1. passive : relaxation of the internal intercostals
    2. active : contraction of the internal intercostals
    3. active : the contraction of the diaphragm
    4. active : relaxation of the diaphragm
    5. passive : relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals

38. Which of the following pressures is lower during inspiration than during expiration?
    1. intra-alveolar pressure only
    2. transpulmonary pressure only
    3. intrapleural pressure only
    4. both intra-alveolar and transpulmonary pressures
    5. both intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures

39. The compliance of the lungs can be determined by measuring the change in  for a given change in

             .

1. 1. lung volume : intra-alveolar pressure
   2. intra-alveolar pressure : lung volume
   3. lung volume : airway resistance
   4. lung volume : transpulmonary pressure
   5. airway resistance : lung volume

40. The compliance of the lung is determined by the elasticity of the lung and
    1. airway resistance.
    2. transpulmonary pressure.
    3. volume.
    4. intra-alveolar pressure.
    5. surface tension.

41. The surface tension of the alveolus is reduced by surfactants produced by what type of cells?

1. 1. ciliated
   2. goblet
   3. type I alveolar
   4. type II alveolar
   5. type III alveolar

42. Which of the following is NOT involved in altering the resistance of the airway to air movement?
    1. secretion of mucus into the airway
    2. transpulmonary pressure
    3. contractile activity of bronchiolar smooth muscle cells
    4. tractive forces exerted on the airway by surrounding tissue
    5. pulmonary surfactant concentration

43. How do tractive forces affect the airways during inspiration?
    1. decrease in compliance
    2. increase in compliance
    3. increase in airway resistance
    4. bronchodilation
    5. decrease in airway resistance

44. Which of the following is responsible for changes in airway resistance that occur in a single breath?
    1. passive forces exerted on the airways
    2. contractility of smooth muscle cells
    3. sensitivity of smooth muscle cells to allergens
    4. autonomic nervous system
    5. surrounding atmospheric pressure

45. Which of the following chemicals will NOT result in a decrease in airway resistance?
    1. histamine
    2. carbon dioxide
    3. epinephrine
    4. bronchodilators
    5. norepinephrine

46. Which of the following is NOT part of the response of an airway to specific allergens that initiate an asthmatic response?
    1. increased inflammatory response
    2. increased airway resistance
    3. increased secretion of mucus
    4. increased histamine release
    5. increased release of corticosteroids

47. What benefit are corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma?
    1. They induce bronchoconstriction.
    2. They induce bronchodilation.
    3. They decrease mucus secretion into the airways.
    4. They increase blood flow to the airways.
    5. They reduce inflammation of the airways.
48. A(n)               is used clinically to measure lung volumes and rates of air flow.

1. 1. electrocardiograph
   2. electroencephalogram
   3. ratiometer
   4. X-ray
   5. spirometer

49. What is the volume of air moved into and out of the lungs in a single breath during unforced breathing called?
    1. tidal volume
    2. total lung capacity
    3. minute ventilation
    4. functional residual capacity
    5. vital capacity

50. The presence of a negative intrapleural pressure at maximum expiration is responsible for which of the following?
    1. functional residual volume
    2. vital capacity
    3. functional residual capacity
    4. tidal volume
    5. residual volume

51. The tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume together make up which of the following?
    1. total lung capacity
    2. residual volume
    3. inspiratory capacity
    4. functional residual capacity
    5. vital capacity

52. Functional residual capacity is comprised of which of the following?
    1. vital capacity and expiratory reserve volume only
    2. tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume
    3. tidal volume and expiratory reserve volume only
    4. tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume only
    5. residual volume and expiratory reserve volume only

53. Which of the following measurements cannot be determined by a spirometer?
    1. vital capacity
    2. inspiratory capacity
    3. tidal volume
    4. inspiratory reserve volume
    5. residual volume

54. A normal tidal volume at rest is approximately  mL. A) 100 B) 500 C) 5000 D) 1000 E) 10,000

55. A normal vital capacity is approximately    mL. A) 500 B) 9000 C) 100 D) 1000 E) 4500

56. A healthy person can normally exhale what percentage of his or her vital capacity in one second? A) 80 B) 50 C) 10 D) 100 E) 20

57. In an obstructive disease, the lungs can become overinflated because the difficulty in     tends to                                                                                                                    .
    1. expiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity
    2. inspiration : increase total lung capacity and vital capacity
    3. expiration : increase residual volume and total lung capacity
    4. expiration : increase vital capacity
    5. inspiration : decrease total lung capacity and vital capacity

58. A decrease in           is indicative of a restrictive pulmonary disease.
    1. vital capacity
    2. minute ventilation
    3. forced expiratory volume
    4. tidal volume
    5. residual volume

59. A decrease in           is indicative of an obstructive pulmonary disease.
    1. forced vital capacity
    2. forced expiratory volume
    3. tidal volume
    4. residual volume
    5. minute ventilation

60. What is the term for the volume of air moved into the lungs every minute?
    1. alveolar ventilation
    2. minute ventilation
    3. tidal volume
    4. pulmonary ventilation
    5. total lung capacity

61. What is the term for the volume of air that reaches the respiratory zone each minute?
    1. minute ventilation
    2. tidal volume
    3. pulmonary ventilation
    4. total lung capacity
    5. alveolar ventilation

62. What is the volume of the respiratory pathway that is NOT able to exchange gases (conducting pathway) called?
    1. anatomical dead space
    2. functional dead space
    3. functional residual volume
    4. residual volume
    5. dead volume
63. What happens to the inner diameter of the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?
    1. Increases B) thins C) decreases D) no change E) thickens

64. What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?
    1. Decreases
    2. No change
    3. Thickens
    4. Increases
    5. Hypertrophies

65. What happens to the amount of cilia lining the inner walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?
    1. Atrophies B) increases C) thickens D) no change E) decreases

66. What happens to the number of goblet cells found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?
    1. changes to ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
    2. decreases
    3. increases
    4. thickens
    5. no change
67. What happens to the amount of smooth muscle found in the walls of the respiratory tract as it moves down from the upper conducting zone to the lower respiratory zone?
    1. no change
    2. It is not found in the conducting zone.
    3. increases
    4. decreases
    5. thins

68. Which cells secrete surfactant?
    1. alveolar macrophages
    2. goblet cells
    3. type II alveolar cells
    4. ciliated cells
    5. type I alveolar cells

69. Which cells secrete mucus?
    1. type II alveolar cells
    2. ciliated cells
    3. alveolar macrophages
    4. type I alveolar cells
    5. goblet cells

70. Which cells form the mucus escalator?
    1. type I alveolar cells
    2. ciliated cells
    3. goblet cells
    4. type II alveolar cells
    5. alveolar macrophages

71. Which cells engulf foreign particles that reach the lungs?
    1. type II alveolar cells
    2. alveolar macrophages
    3. goblet cells
    4. ciliated cells
    5. type I alveolar cells

72. Which cells form the lung tissue component of the respiratory membrane?
    1. type I alveolar cells
    2. type II alveolar cells
    3. alveolar macrophages
    4. ciliated cells
    5. goblet cells

73. Which pressure is created by the elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall?
    1. transpulmonary pressure
    2. intra-alveolar pressure
    3. intrapleural pressure
    4. exhalation pressure
    5. atmospheric pressure

74. Which pressure is constant during the respiratory cycle?
    1. atmospheric pressure
    2. transpulmonary pressure
    3. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
    4. intra-alveolar pressure
    5. intrapleural pressure

75. Which pressure is the distending force on the lungs?
    1. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
    2. atmospheric pressure
    3. intrapleural pressure
    4. transpulmonary pressure
    5. intra-alveolar pressure

76. Which of the following has the difference between its pressure and atmospheric pressure driving the air into and out of the lungs?
    1. atmospheric pressure
    2. transpulmonary pressure
    3. intrapleural pressure
    4. intra-alveolar pressure
    5. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)

77. Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration but is always negative?
    1. atmospheric pressure
    2. intrapleural pressure
    3. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
    4. intra-alveolar pressure
    5. transpulmonary pressure

78. Which pressure equals atmospheric pressure during a pneumothorax, causing the lungs to collapse?
    1. intrapleural pressure
    2. atmospheric pressure
    3. transpulmonary pressure
    4. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
    5. intra-alveolar pressure

79. Which pressure changes with the phases of respiration from a negative value during inspiration and a positive value during expiration?
    1. transpulmonary pressure
    2. rebound pressure (elastic recoil)
    3. intrapleural pressure
    4. intra-alveolar pressure
    5. atmospheric pressure

80. The volume of air remaining in the lungs following a maximum expiration is called
    1. residual volume.
    2. tidal volume.
    3. inspiratory reserve volume.
    4. inspiratory capacity.
    5. vital capacity.

81. The volume of air exchanged with the environment during an unforced breath is called
    1. inspiratory reserve volume.
    2. tidal volume.
    3. vital capacity.
    4. inspiratory capacity.
    5. expiratory reserve volume.
82. The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting inspiration is called
    1. inspiratory capacity.
    2. inspiratory reserve volume.
    3. tidal volume.
    4. expiratory reserve volume.
    5. vital capacity.
83. The maximum volume of air that can be inspired following a resting expiration is called
    1. functional residual capacity.
    2. vital capacity.
    3. inspiratory capacity.
    4. inspiratory reserve volume.
    5. tidal volume.

14

84. The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a maximum inspiration is called
    1. inspiratory capacity.
    2. tidal volume.
    3. vital capacity.
    4. inspiratory reserve volume.
    5. expiratory reserve volume.

85. The maximum volume of air that can be expired following a resting expiration is called
    1. tidal volume.
    2. vital capacity.
    3. expiratory reserve volume.
    4. inspiratory reserve volume.
    5. inspiratory capacity.
86. The volume of air in the lungs following a maximum inspiration is called
    1. tidal volume.
    2. inspiratory reserve volume.
    3. inspiratory capacity.
    4. vital capacity.
    5. total lung capacity.
87. The volume of air in the lungs at rest, between breaths, is called
    1. inspiratory reserve volume.
    2. vital capacity.
    3. inspiratory capacity.
    4. functional residual capacity.
    5. tidal volume.
88. Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume is called
    1. tidal volume.
    2. functional residual capacity.
    3. inspiratory reserve volume.
    4. vital capacity.
    5. inspiratory capacity.
89. What is the residual volume + expiratory reserve volume called?
    1. inspiratory capacity
    2. vital capacity
    3. inspiratory reserve volume
    4. functional residual capacity
    5. tidal volume

15

90. What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume called?
    1. inspiratory reserve volume
    2. functional residual capacity
    3. inspiratory capacity
    4. tidal volume
    5. vital capacity
91. What is the tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume + residual volume called?
    1. vital capacity
    2. total lung capacity
    3. inspiratory reserve volume
    4. inspiratory capacity
    5. tidal volume  Figure 16.1
92. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the tidal volume? A) 1700 B) 1300 C) 600 D) 2800 E) 2200

93. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory reserve volume? A) 1700 B) 2200 C) 1300 D) 600 E) 2800

 16

94. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the expiratory reserve volume? A) 1700 B) 600 C) 2800 D) 2200 E) 1300

95. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the residual volume? A) 600 B) 1700 C) 2800 D) 2200 E) 1300

96. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the inspiratory capacity? A) 2200 B) 1300 C) 600 D) 2800 E) 1700

97. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the vital capacity? A) 1700 B) 2200 C) 4100 D) 2800 E) 1300

98. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the functional residual capacity? A) 1300 B) 3000 C) 2800 D) 1700 E) 2200

99. In Figure 16.1, how many mL is the total lung capacity? A) 1700 B) 5800 C) 2800 D) 1300 E) 2200

100. The intra-alveolar pressure is determined by what two factors?

1. quantity of air in the alveolus and volume of the alveoli
2. dead air space and atmospheric pressure
3. elastic recoil and intrapulmonary pressure
4. perfusion pressure and elastic recoil
5. functional residual capacity and elastic recoil

101. What is the primary determinant of airway resistance?

1. traction competency
2. presence of mucous
3. rate of air exchange
4. compliance
5. airway radius

102. One of the basic tenets of physiology is that function of a system follows its structure. Describe the anatomy of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract, including how those structures contribute to the function of

the lungs.

103. One of the basic tenets of physiology is that function of a system follows its structure. Describe the anatomy of the respiratory zone of the respiratory tract, including how that structure contributes to function.

that might have entered the lungs. These cells get caught by the mucus of the conducting zone and are ultimately moved by the mucus escalator into the digestive tract for degradation.

104. Pressure is the driving force for the movement of air into and out of the lungs. Describe the structure of the thoracic cavity and how that structure is involved in creating the pressures that are important for the

movement of air into the lungs.

105. The generation of the pressure responsible for the movement of air follows Boyle's Law. Describe how Boyle's Law relates to pressure development in the lungs, and how that determines inspiration and expiration.
106. Pressure is the driving force for the movement of air into and out of the lungs. However, the development of pressure and the movement of air is modified by the compliance of the lungs. Describe how lung compliance

can alter the movement of air into the lungs.

107. Pressure is the driving force for the movement of air into and out of the lungs. However, the development of pressure and the movement of air are modified by the resistance of the airways. Describe how airway

resistance can alter the movement of air into the lungs, including asthma in the discussion.

108. The (epiglottis / glottis) is a flap of tissue that prevents food from entering the larynx.
109. The cartilage around the trachea are arranged in (rings / C shapes), whereas that around the primary bronchi are arranged in (rings / C shapes).