Florida International University

BIO PCB 4023

Chapter 10

1)Which of the following is the most accurate definition of perception?

1. 1. the detection of stimuli in the external environment by sensory receptors
   2. the conscious interpretation of the world around us
   3. the detection of the various energy forms in the environment by sensory receptors
   4. the detection of stimuli in the internal environment by visceral receptors
   5. the processing of visual stimuli by the brain to give an accurate representation of the view of the world
2. What type of receptor detects blood pressure?
   1. baroreceptor
   2. thermoreceptor
   3. nociceptor
   4. osmoreceptor
   5. proprioceptor
3. According to the law of specific nerve energies, a single sensory receptor
   1. responds best to a specific energy modality.
   2. type detects all the somesthetic sensations.
   3. responds equally to several types of stimuli.
   4. responds to only one type of stimulus, regardless of the strength of stimulation.
   5. type detects all the somatic sensations.
4. In terms of a bad smell, why is it better to stay in its presence than to leave and return several times?
   1. Slowly adapting receptors take longer to come online.
   2. Olfactory receptors are rapidly adapting.
   3. Olfactory receptors are tonic.
   4. The decrease in graded potentials increases the frequency of their action potentials.
   5. With time, labeled lines change their modality.
5. The perception of the position of one's joints and limbs is called
   1. kinesthesiology.
   2. positionology.
   3. nociception.
   4. nociology.
   5. proprioception.
6. The process whereby a sensory receptor converts a stimulus modality into a change in membrane potential is called
   1. modality conversion.
   2. sensory generation.
   3. sensory production.
   4. sensory transduction.
   5. sensory conversion.

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7. What is another name for a receptor potential produced at sensory receptors?
   1. sensory potential
   2. generator potential
   3. synaptic potential
   4. detector potential
   5. afferent potential
8. A               refers to a single afferent neuron and all of the sensory receptors associated with that neuron.
   1. sensory unit
   2. motor unit

8. 3. receptive unit
   4. neuronal field
   5. second-order neuron
9. What is a region of skin that, when activated, will result in the change of activity within a particular afferent neuron?
   1. neuronal fields
   2. motor units
   3. receptive fields
   4. second-order neurons
   5. labeled lines
10. Another name for an afferent neuron is   neuron.
    1. multipolar
    2. receptor
    3. first-order
    4. second-order
    5. third-order
11. What type of neuron in the thalamus communicates sensory information to the cerebral cortex?
    1. first-order
    2. second-order
    3. third-order
    4. forth-order
    5. afferent
12. How is the intensity of a stimulus encoded during information transmittal to the central nervous system?
    1. The frequency of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.
    2. Different second-order neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
    3. The neurotransmitter released from an afferent neuron differs based on the intensity of the stimulus.
    4. Different afferent neurons transmit information about stimuli of varying intensities.
    5. The amplitude of action potentials transmitted to the central nervous system is greater for a stronger stimulus.

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13. Which of the following statements about lateral inhibition is FALSE?
    1. Lateral inhibition produces contrast within the nervous system.
    2. Lateral inhibition occurs when communication is inhibited to second-order neurons receiving information from afferents associated with neighboring receptive fields.
    3. Lateral inhibition enhances acuity.
    4. Lateral inhibition results in a stronger signal coming from second-order neurons associated with the central point of stimulation.
    5. Lateral inhibition decreases the two-point discrimination threshold.
14. Which of the following would NOT affect our ability to resolve the location of a specific stimulus?
    1. lateral inhibition between receptive fields
    2. location of cell body of the afferent neuron
    3. density of receptors in the area
    4. extent of overlap between receptive fields
    5. size of the receptive field
15. What is a decrease in the amplitude of a receptor potential in the presence of a continuing stimulus called?
    1. adaptation
    2. transduction
    3. localization

15. 4. sensitization
    5. habituation
16. Of the following areas of the body, which has the greatest tactile acuity?
    1. upper arm B) lips C) back D) forehead E) hand
17. The ability to detect the direction from which a sound originates is determined by
    1. the time delay between that sound reaching the right and left cochlea.
    2. mapping of sound location on the cerebral cortex.
    3. lateral inhibition that occurs between the right and left cochlea.
    4. differences in sound intensity as it reaches the right and left cochlea.
    5. lateral excitation occurring between the right and left cochlea.
18. Which of the following structures is NOT a mechanoreceptor located within the skin?
    1. Pacinian corpuscles
    2. hair follicle receptors
    3. Merkel's disks
    4. Meissner's corpuscles
    5. hair cells  3
19. Which of the following BEST describes the response of thermoreceptor afferents when temperature decreases from 35°C to 25°C?
    1. Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
    2. Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show an increase in the frequency of action potentials.
    3. Afferents associated with both warm and cold receptors show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.
    4. Warm-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents fire at the same frequency.
    5. Warm-receptor afferents show an increase in the frequency of action potentials, whereas cold-receptor afferents show a decrease in the frequency of action potentials.

20. What are sensory receptors that respond to tissue-damaging stimuli or stimuli that have the potential to damage tissue?
    1. Meissner's corpuscle
    2. proprioceptors
    3. thermoreceptors
    4. Merkel's disk
    5. nociceptors
21. Which of the following is NOT a function of TRP channels?
    1. warm transduction
    2. cold transduction
    3. respond to painfully hot stimuli
    4. respond to painfully hot chemicals
    5. respond to painful mechanical stimulation
22. Which type of nociceptor is associated with C fibers?
    1. polymodal nociceptors
    2. rapid cold
    3. slow mechanical
    4. two-point tactile
    5. rapid warm

23. What type of receptor responds to chemicals like histamine and bradykinin that are released from damaged tissue?
    1. polymodal nociceptors
    2. Ruffini's endings
    3. thermal nociceptors
    4. hair follicle receptors
    5. mechanical nociceptors

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24. What is the adequate stimulus for nociceptors?
    1. cold
    2. change in muscle length
    3. touch
    4. pain
    5. warmth
25. A person has damage to the right dorsal columns of the spinal cord at the thoracic level. This person would have impaired
    1. temperature sensation of the right arm and leg.
    2. temperature sensation of the left leg.
    3. touch sensation of the right leg.
    4. touch sensation of the left leg.
    5. temperature sensation of the right leg.
26. Which of the following statements about the spinothalamic tract is FALSE?
    1. Warm signals are transmitted along this pathway.
    2. Pain signals are transmitted along this pathway.
    3. Cold signals are transmitted along this pathway.
    4. The pathway crosses to the contralateral side in the brainstem.
    5. The first-order neuron synapses with the second order neuron in the spinal cord dorsal horn.
27. Fast pain originating from nociceptors is perceived as a                                               pain and is carried along                                                                                fibers.
    1. sharp : A ! B) dull : A ! C) dull : C D) sharp : C E) sharp : A "
28. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter responsible for the transmission of a painful stimulus between first- and second-order neurons?
    1. bradykinin
    2. histamine
    3. acetylcholine
    4. substance P
    5. norepinephrine
29. How are pain signals from visceral receptors "referred" to the body surface?
    1. signals from visceral receptors that travel to skin receptors to activate them
    2. the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same third-order neurons
    3. the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same first-order neurons
    4. the convergence of visceral and somatic afferents on the same second-order neurons
    5. the divergence of visceral and somatic afferents onto different second-order neurons

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30. The gate-control theory of pain modulation states that
    1. the signal that modifies pain sensation in the spinal cord must originate from the nucleus raphe magnus.
    2. painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.
    3. C fibers themselves can act to modify their own pain signal.
    4. non-painful somatic signals can inhibit signals of pain.

30. 5. pain sensation must be modified within the sensory receptors.
31. Which of the following is NOT part of the gate-control theory of pain modulation?
    1. Inhibitory interneurons are activated by collaterals of A" fibers that are associated with mechanical stimuli.
    2. Inhibitory interneurons can modulate second-order pain neurons.
    3. A nonpainful stimulus can activate the inhibitory interneuron and thereby inhibit the painful stimulus.
    4. Signals that modify pain originate from higher centers of the brain.
    5. Inhibitory interneurons are inhibited by collaterals from the nociceptor afferent.
32. Which of the following statements about sensory coding is FALSE?
    1. The ability to locate the stimulus is enhanced by lateral inhibition.
    2. Coding for a stimulus type is maintained from receptor to cortex.
    3. The location of the stimulus is coded for by the receptive field activated.
    4. The intensity of stimulus is coded for by the size of the action potential.
    5. The type of stimulus is coded for by the specific pathway activated.
33. Amputation in diabetics is often secondary to what other problem with diabetes?
    1. cardiomyopathy
    2. microvascular injury
    3. retinopathy
    4. renal failure
    5. hypertension
34. What is the function of the retinal pigmented epithelium?
    1. Provide nutrients and oxygen to the retina.
    2. Provide nutrients and oxygen to the lens and cornea.
    3. Absorb light that enters the eye.
    4. Secrete vitreous humor.
    5. Secrete aqueous humor.
35. Which of the following best describes the location of the anterior segment?
    1. within the ear, between the vestibular and basilar membranes
    2. within the eye, between the cornea and iris
    3. within the ear, between the basilar and tympanic membranes
    4. within the eye, between the iris and lens
    5. within the eye, between the cornea and lens

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36. The amount of light that impinges on the retina is primarily regulated by what structure?
    1. ciliary body
    2. optic disk
    3. cornea
    4. iris
    5. fovea
37. The cornea and lens are       surfaces that cause light to converge on a .
    1. transparent : focal length
    2. convex : focal length
    3. concave : focal point
    4. concave : focal length
    5. convex : focal point
38. What nourishes the lens and cornea?
    1. the optic disk

38. 2. aqueous humor
    3. the choroid
    4. vitreous humor
    5. Purkinje fibers
39. Light waves refract as they pass through what structures of the eye?
    1. cornea only
    2. lens only
    3. cornea and lens only
    4. choroid only
    5. cornea, lens, and choroid
40. In order to focus light coming from a near source onto the retina, the lens adjusts its refractive power through what process?
    1. telescoping
    2. acclimatization
    3. accommodation
    4. refractometry
    5. acclimation
41. When the ciliary muscles are relaxed, the lens is relatively      , allowing the eye to focus on objects that are                                                                                     .
    1. flat : close
    2. transparent : anywhere within the field of view
    3. round : close
    4. flat : distant
    5. round : distant

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42. Ciliary muscle is innervated by what branch of the nervous system?
    1. parasympathetic
    2. enteric
    3. sympathetic
    4. central
    5. somatic
43. In the visual system, activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes which of the following?
    1. pupillary constriction and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
    2. pupillary constriction and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens
    3. pupillary dilation and an increase in the refractive power of the lens
    4. pupillary dilation and a decrease in the refractive power of the lens
    5. pupillary dilation and no effect on the refractive power of the lens
44. Which of the following defects in vision is incorrectly matched with its cause?
    1. astigmatism : hardening of the lens
    2. myopia : eyeball too long
    3. glaucoma : increased volume and therefore, increased pressure of aqueous humor
    4. myopia : lens too strong
    5. cataract : discoloration of the lens
45. What is a condition where light, originating from a distance, is focused in front of the retina?
    1. hyperopia
    2. myopia
    3. emmetropia
    4. neurotropia
    5. presbyopia

46. What is a condition where light, originating from a close-up source, is focused behind the retina?
    1. myopia
    2. emmetropia
    3. neurotropia
    4. hyperopia
    5. presbyopia
47. Which of the following describes irregularities in the structure of the cornea or lens?
    1. glaucoma
    2. astigmatism
    3. hyperopia
    4. cataracts
    5. presbyopia

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48. Angiogenesis contributes to the cause of what visual defect in diabetes?
    1. cataracts
    2. hyperopia
    3. myopia
    4. macular degeneration
    5. glaucoma
49. The radial muscles of the iris are innervated by the      nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary            .
    1. sympathetic : constriction
    2. parasympathetic : constriction
    3. sympathetic : dilation
    4. somatic : constriction
    5. parasympathetic : dilation
50. The circular muscles of the iris are innervated by the   nervous system and their contraction causes pupillary            .
    1. parasympathetic : constriction
    2. parasympathetic : dilation
    3. sympathetic : constriction
    4. sympathetic : dilation
    5. somatic : constriction
51. When the doctor shines a penlight into the patient's eye, which of the following occurs?
    1. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
    2. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.
    3. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the inner circular muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.
    4. The sympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary dilation.
    5. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated, which causes contraction of the outer radial muscle of the iris and pupillary constriction.

52. Which of the following occurs during accommodation for near vision?
    1. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.
    2. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, and the lens becomes rounder.
    3. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become slack, flattening the lens.
    4. Ciliary muscles contract, causing zonular fibers to become tight, flattening the lens.

1. 5. Ciliary muscles relax, causing zonular fibers to become slack, and the lens becomes rounder.

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53. Which of the following is not a cell type found in the retina?
    1. bipolar cells
    2. horizontal cells
    3. photoreceptors
    4. amacrine cells
    5. macular cells
54. The lateral displacement of bipolar and ganglion cells within the macula lutea allow for
    1. an unhindered pathway for light to reach the rods of the fovea.
    2. processing of information from the cones.
    3. an unhindered pathway for light to reach the cones of the fovea.
    4. processing of information from the rods.
    5. enhanced communication between bipolar and ganglion cells.
55. What are the cones called that respond to the red spectrum of light?
    1. R cones B) Y cones C) S cones D) G cones E) L cones
56. Cones that respond to the shortest wavelengths of light (S cones) respond best to what color spectrum?
    1. orange B) blue C) green D) red E) yellow
57. The light-absorbing portion of the photopigment is       ; its sensitivity to a particular wavelength of light is altered by         .
    1. transducin : phosphodiesterase
    2. opsin : transducin
    3. opsin : retinal
    4. retinal : opsin
    5. phosphodiesterase : transducin
58. The presence of cGMP in the cytosol of a photoreceptor will directly stimulate the
    1. opening of sodium channels.
    2. closure of potassium channels.
    3. opening of potassium channels.
    4. opening of calcium channels.
    5. closure of sodium channels.
59. In the absence of light, the membrane potential of a photoreceptor is relatively        by the presence of open          channels.
    1. depolarized : potassium
    2. hyperpolarized : potassium
    3. hyperpolarized : sodium
    4. depolarized : calcium
    5. depolarized : sodium

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60. The closure of sodium channels is mediated by a decrease in the cytosolic concentration of  , which is degraded by             .
    1. cAMP : ATP synthase
    2. cAMP : transducin
    3. cGMP : transducin
    4. cAMP : phosphodiesterase
    5. cGMP : phosphodiesterase
61. When we enter a dark room, the retinal and opsin molecules within the                     must first                                                                                                             before

low light levels can be detected.

61. 1. rods : dissociate
    2. cones : dissociate
    3. rods : associate
    4. rods : bleach
    5. cones : associate
62. Which of the following is true of photoreceptors in the light (relative to the dark)?
    1. The synaptic terminal is releasing more transmitter.
    2. The photoreceptors are depolarized.
    3. cGMP levels are elevated.
    4. Phosphodiesterase is more active.
    5. Sodium channels are open.
63. What type of vision occurs in light levels that activate both rods and cones?
    1. rhodopic B) mesopic C) scotopic D) photopic E) retinotopic
64. Disks of a photoreceptor are located in the  and contain           .
    1. outer segment : photopigment
    2. inner segment : transmitter
    3. synaptic terminal : transmitter
    4. inner segment : photopigment
    5. outer segment : transmitter
65. Which of the following is the correct order of communication of visual information in the retina?
    1. ganglion cell, bipolar cell, photoreceptor
    2. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell
    3. photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell
    4. bipolar cell, ganglion cell, photoreceptor
    5. bipolar cell, photoreceptor, ganglion cell

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66. Photoreceptors transmit information directly to cells via the release of a neurotransmitter, causing those cells to develop a(n)       potential proportional to the intensity of the stimulus.
    1. ganglion : action
    2. amacrine : action
    3. amacrine : graded
    4. ganglion : graded
    5. bipolar : graded
67. The first neurons capable of generating action potentials in the transmission pathway for visual information detected by rods and cones are the      cells.
    1. horizontal B) ganglion C) bipolar D) amacrine E) vertical
68. Which of the following best describes ON-center, OFF-surround cells in the retina?
    1. They are ganglion cells that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.
    2. They are photoreceptors that are excited by light striking the center of the retina and inhibited by light striking the peripheral retina.
    3. They are photoreceptors that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
    4. They are bipolar cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.
    5. They are ganglion cells that are excited by light applied in the center of their visual fields and inhibited by light in the surrounding regions of their visual fields.

69. Which of the following components of the visual pathway is 100% ipsilateral to the visual field?
    1. visual cortex
    2. optic tract
    3. optic nerve
    4. lateral geniculate nucleus
    5. None of the answers is correct.
70. In the optic chiasm, ganglion cells from the   portion of the retina cross over, whereas the ganglion cells from the           portion of the retina remain on the same side.
    1. temporal : nasal
    2. nasal : center
    3. center : nasal
    4. temporal : center
    5. nasal : temporal

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71. The ganglion cells of the retina synapse with neurons in the                                   that ascend to the                                                                                              .
    1. lateral geniculate body : primary visual cortex
    2. thalamus : primary somatosensory cortex
    3. thalamus : primary motor cortex
    4. lateral geniculate body : cerebellum
    5. hypothalamus : primary visual cortex
72. The neural pathway from the lateral geniculate body to the visual cortex is called the optic
    1. chiasm. B) radiations. C) fasciculus. D) nerve. E) tract.
73. The visual system is an excellent example of parallel processing, where visual details are
    1. integrated by bipolar cells and sent to the primary visual cortex.
    2. maintained within the optic chiasm where they are integrated.
    3. transmitted along separate pathways to the primary visual cortex where they are then integrated.
    4. transmitted to the lateral geniculate body where they are integrated.
    5. integrated before reaching the primary visual cortex.
74. Both the auditory and vestibular systems rely upon to detect movement of fluid within the ear.
    1. thermoreceptors
    2. hydroreceptors
    3. chemoreceptors
    4. magnetoreceptors
    5. hair cells
75. Sound waves traveling through the air initiate a vibration of the          . The sound waves are then transmitted along the to the cochlea.
    1. saccule : eustachian tube
    2. oval window : ossicles
    3. tympanic membrane : ossicles
    4. oval window : eustachian tube
    5. round window : saccule
76. The amplitude of a sound wave is determined by the difference in the
    1. size of the air molecules in the compressed region of the sound wave.
    2. pitch of the sound.
    3. air molecule density in the compressed versus rarified regions of the sound wave.
    4. number of sound waves per second.
    5. energy embedded in the air molecules.

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77. What structure separates the middle from the external ear?
    1. basilar membrane
    2. tympanic membrane
    3. round window
    4. eustachian tube
    5. oval window
78. What is the function of the ear ossicles?
    1. maintain the sensitivity of hair cells for hearing
    2. provide structural support of the cochlea
    3. amplify sound waves as they are transmitted from the middle to the inner ear
    4. transduce sound waves to neural impulses
    5. provide structural support of the eardrum
79. Which of the following best represents the endocochlear potential? A) +60 mV B) -70 mV C) +80 mV D) -20 mV E) -90 mV

80. Which of the following statements about hair cells in the ear is FALSE?
    1. There are three rows of outer hair cells and one row of inner hair cells.
    2. Only the inner hair cells of the cochlea function directly in sound transduction.
    3. Both the hair cells for hearing and those for equilibrium are depolarized when bent toward the kinocilium.
    4. Hair cells are surrounded by endolymph.
    5. When potassium channels in hair cells open, potassium ions move into the cell, depolarizing it.
81. The organ of Corti is located on what membrane?
    1. plasma membrane of hair cells
    2. tympanic membrane
    3. tectorial membrane
    4. basilar membrane
    5. vestibular membrane
82. The             , projecting from the end of hair cells, are attached to the            , which causes them to bend when sound waves enter the cochlea.
    1. kinocilia : basilar membrane
    2. stereocilia : tectorial membrane
    3. cilia : basilar membrane
    4. nitrocilia : tectorial membrane
    5. stereocilia : basilar membrane

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83. The hair cells are embedded within endolymph, thus, when a potassium channel opens, potassium moves

              the cell, causing it to        .

83. 1. equally into and out of : maintain its polarized state
    2. into : depolarize
    3. into : hyperpolarize
    4. out of : depolarize
    5. out of : hyperpolarize
84. Bending of the stereocilia on the hair cell can induce either a closure or an opening of a potassium channel based upon the
    1. intensity of the sound.
    2. size of the stereocilia.
    3. frequency of the sound.
    4. acceleration of the body.
    5. direction that the stereocilia move.

85. Frequency of sound is coded for by the
    1. number of hair cells stimulated.
    2. location of the hair cell stimulated.
    3. frequency of action potentials.
    4. amplitude of the action potentials.
    5. direction that the stereocilia are stimulated.
86. In comparison to low pitch sound, high pitch sound will cause vibrations of the basilar membrane
    1. of lesser amplitude.
    2. closer to the tympanic membrane.
    3. closer to the helicotrema.
    4. closer to the oval window.
    5. of greater amplitude.
87. The transduction of sound waves into neural impulses occurs in the
    1. eustachian tube.
    2. ossicles.
    3. cochlea.
    4. utricle.
    5. semicircular canals.
88. The anterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction?
    1. rotating the head as in saying "no"
    2. the rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder
    3. linear acceleration in the up and down directions
    4. linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions
    5. moving the head up and down as in saying "yes"

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89. The posterior portion of the semicircular canal detects acceleration in which direction?
    1. rotation of the head from side to side, as in moving the ear toward the shoulder
    2. linear acceleration in the up and down directions
    3. moving the head up and down as in saying "yes"
    4. rotating the head as in saying "no"
    5. linear acceleration in the forward and backward directions
90. Located within the          of the semicircular canal, a gelatinous structure called the  surrounds the stereocilia and kinocilium.
    1. lumen : otolith
    2. cupula : ampulla
    3. cupula : otolith
    4. ampulla : cupula
    5. ampulla : otolith
91. Whether the hair cell in the semicircular canal is depolarized or hyperpolarized is dependent upon which of the following?
    1. direction toward which the stereocilia are bent relative to the kinocilium
    2. direction toward which only the kinocilia are bent
    3. extent to which the stereocilia are bent
    4. speed at which the stereocilia are bent
    5. speed at which the head rotates
92. The mass of the gelatinous material within the saccule and utricle is enhanced by the presence of what type of crystals?
    1. sodium chloride

92. 2. potassium chloride
    3. calcium phosphate
    4. sodium carbonate
    5. calcium carbonate
93. The saccule detects what type of motion?
    1. angular acceleration, as when nodding the head "yes"
    2. angular acceleration, as when shaking the head "no"
    3. linear acceleration forward and backward
    4. linear acceleration up or down
    5. angular acceleration, as when tilting the head so that the ear approaches the shoulder
94. Depolarization of hair cells in the utricle occurs when the
    1. hair cell bends away from the kinocilium.
    2. head is tilted to the right.
    3. head is tilted to the left.
    4. head is tilted forward.
    5. hair cell bends toward the kinocilium.

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95. Afferent neurons from the semicircular canal, the utricle, and the saccule enter the brainstem where most terminate within the
    1. nucleus raphe magnus.
    2. medial geniculate body.
    3. vestibular nuclei.
    4. lateral reticular formation.
    5. lateral geniculate body.
96. Which of the following is NOT one of the primary tastes?
    1. bitter B) hot C) sour D) salty E) sweet
97. The detection of sweet by taste receptors occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane activating                                         that ultimately causes a   .
    1. transducin : sodium channel to close
    2. gustducin : sodium channel to close
    3. Golf : potassium channel to close
    4. gustducin : potassium channel to close
    5. transducin : potassium channel to open
98. The primary afferent neurons from taste receptor cells terminate within what structure of the central nervous system?
    1. olfactory tubercle
    2. medulla oblongata
    3. thalamus
    4. gustatory cortex
    5. cerebellum
99. What two taste qualities use a G protein during the transduction process?
    1. sweet and sour
    2. bitter and salty
    3. sweet and bitter
    4. sour and salty
    5. salty and sweet
100. Which cranial nerve transmits taste information to the central nervous system?

1. VII only

2. IX only
3. X only
4. both VII and IX
5. VII, IX, and X

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101. Which of the following cells is the precursor cell for the olfactory cells?

1. mitral cells
2. support cells
3. ciliary cells
4. olfactory receptor cells
5. basal cells

102. The detection of odorants occurs via the binding of organic molecules to receptors on the cell membrane, activating                                         that ultimately causes the .

1. Golf : cation channel to open
2. gustducin : sodium channel to close
3. Golf : potassium channel to open
4. transducin : potassium channel to open
5. gustducin : potassium channel to close

103. First-order olfactory neurons synapse with  . These synapses occur in clusters called   .

1. mitral cells : cribriform areas
2. bicuspid cells : glomeruli
3. olfactory neurons : cribriform areas
4. mitral cells : glomeruli
5. olfactory neurons : glomeruli

104. Which of the following is an incorrect match between cranial nerve and special sense?

1. cranial nerve I - olfaction
2. cranial nerve II - vision
3. cranial nerve III - taste
4. cranial nerve VIII - hearing
5. cranial nerve VIII - equilibrium

105. Which sensory system does NOT need to transmit information through the thalamus to reach the cortex?

1. hearing
2. olfaction
3. vestibular/equilibrium
4. somatosensory systems
5. taste

106. Axons of the olfactory nerve travel through what special structure?

1. organ of Corti
2. cribriform plate
3. glomeruli
4. cochlear membrane
5. olfactory bulb

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107. What is the mechanism by which receptors convert stimulus energies into changes in membrane potential?

1. adequate stimulus
2. transduction
3. appropriation
4. modality
5. perception

108. What is the form of energy associated with a particular stimulus type called?

1. perception
2. adequate stimulus
3. modality
4. appropriation
5. transduction

109. What is a person's conscious interpretation of the external environment called?

1. modality
2. appropriation
3. adequate stimulus
4. transduction
5. perception

110. What is the stimulus type to which a receptor responds the greatest called?

1. adequate stimulus
2. modality
3. perception
4. transduction
5. appropriation

111. Which receptor type is used for sound waves?

1. hair cells in cochlea
2. warm receptors
3. hair cells in semicircular canals
4. hair cells in utricle
5. mechanical nociceptors

112. Which receptor type is used to detect the stretch of specific blood vessels?

1. warm receptors
2. mechanical nociceptors
3. osmoreceptors
4. chemoreceptors
5. baroreceptors

19

113. Which receptor type is used to detect photons of light?

1. mechanical nociceptors
2. warm receptors
3. photoreceptors
4. chemoreceptors
5. hair cells in semicircular canals

114. Which receptor type is used to detect linear acceleration forward or backward?

1. baroreceptors
2. hair cells in semicircular canals
3. hair cells in utricle
4. osmoreceptors
5. hair cells in cochlea

115. Which receptor type is used to detect swelling of receptor cells?

1. osmoreceptors
2. baroreceptors
3. mechanical nociceptors
4. hair cells in semicircular canals

5. chemoreceptors

116. Which receptor type is used to detect angular acceleration?

1. hair cells in semicircular canals
2. mechanical nociceptors
3. chemoreceptors
4. hair cells in cochlea
5. hair cells in utricle

117. Which receptor type is used to detect decreases in temperature from 35°C to 20°C?

1. cold receptors
2. mechanical nociceptors
3. chemoreceptors
4. warm receptors
5. osmoreceptors

118. Which receptor type is used to detect free hydrogen ion content of blood?

1. chemoreceptors
2. baroreceptors
3. osmoreceptors
4. photoreceptors
5. mechanical nociceptors

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119. Which receptor type is used to detect intense mechanical stimuli?

1. warm receptors
2. hair cells in semicircular canals
3. mechanical nociceptors
4. chemoreceptors
5. baroreceptors

120. Which receptor type is used to detect increases in temperature between 30°C and 43°C?

1. mechanical nociceptors
2. osmoreceptors
3. cold receptors
4. chemoreceptors
5. warm receptors

121. Where does the spinothalamic tract cross over to the opposite side?

1. parietal lobe
2. brainstem
3. spinal cord
4. thalamus
5. frontal lobe

122. Where does the dorsal column pathway cross over to the opposite side?

1. parietal lobe
2. spinal cord
3. frontal lobe
4. thalamus
5. brainstem

123. Where is the somatosensory cortex found?

1. parietal lobe
2. occipital lobe
3. frontal lobe

4. temporal lobe
5. brainstem

124. Where is the visual cortex found?

1. frontal lobe
2. thalamus
3. occipital lobe
4. parietal lobe
5. temporal lobe

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125. Where is the auditory cortex found?

1. occipital lobe
2. brainstem
3. temporal lobe
4. parietal lobe
5. frontal lobe

126. What is the location of the vestibular nuclei?

1. thalamus
2. brainstem
3. spinal cord
4. temporal lobe
5. parietal lobe

127. What is the location of the gustatory nucleus?

1. thalamus
2. frontal lobe
3. occipital lobe
4. parietal lobe
5. brainstem

128. What is the location of the gustatory cortex?

1. parietal lobe
2. frontal lobe
3. occipital lobe
4. temporal lobe
5. brainstem

129. What is the location of the medial geniculate body?

1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobe
3. thalamus
4. brainstem
5. occipital lobe

130. Where is the termination of second-order neurons found?

1. frontal lobe
2. brainstem
3. parietal lobe
4. thalamus
5. occipital lobe

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131. What is the location of the dorsal columns?

1. brainstem

2. spinal cord
3. occipital lobe
4. parietal lobe
5. frontal lobe

132. What is the tough connective tissue that makes up the "white" of the eye called?

1. ciliary muscles
2. zonular fibers
3. pupil
4. cornea
5. sclera

133. What are the strands of connective tissue that connect the lens to muscles for accommodation called?

1. cornea
2. ciliary muscles
3. zonular fibers
4. optic disk
5. pupil

134. What is the first refractive structure through which light waves must pass as they enter the eye?

1. pupil
2. cornea
3. zonular fibers
4. ciliary muscles
5. optic disk

135. What structure is comprised of neural tissue that includes bipolar cells?

1. zonular fibers
2. cornea
3. retina
4. pupil
5. ciliary muscles

136. What is the hole through which light can enter the eye called?

A) cornea B) pupil C) iris D) lens E) fovea

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137. What category of structures includes the rods and cones?

1. cornea
2. photoreceptors
3. retinal pigmented epithelium
4. fovea
5. retina

138. What is the pigmented structure that absorbs light waves?

1. retinal pigmented epithelium
2. fovea
3. retina
4. cornea
5. iris

139. What muscle is under parasympathetic control to regulate the refractive power of the lens?

1. pupil
2. fovea
3. zonular fibers
4. cornea

5. ciliary muscles

140. What is the muscle under autonomic control that regulates the diameter of the pupil?

1. pupil
2. ciliary muscles
3. zonular fibers
4. cornea
5. iris

141. What is the site of highest visual acuity?

1. fovea
2. optic disk
3. retina
4. sclera
5. retinal pigmented epithelium

142. The refractive power of what structure can be altered to focus light?

1. zonular fibers
2. pupil
3. cornea
4. ciliary muscles
5. lens  24

143. The optic nerve exits the eye at what point?

1. pupil
2. optic disk
3. fovea
4. retina
5. zonular fibers

144. Light striking what region of the retina is not detected by photoreceptors?

1. cornea
2. zonular fibers
3. optic disk
4. pupil
5. ciliary muscles

145. Where is retinal found?

1. ganglionic cells
2. rods
3. cones
4. bipolar cells
5. both rods and cones

146. In which structure(s) is rhodopsin found?

1. ganglionic cells
2. rods
3. cones
4. bipolar cells
5. both rods and cones

147. Which of the following is the most abundant in the retina?

1. S cones
2. rods
3. M cones

4. L cones
5. ganglionic cells

148. Which of the following is associated with high visual acuity?

1. cones
2. ganglionic cells
3. rods
4. bipolar cells
5. both rods and cones

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149. Which of the following is most sensitive to light?

1. S cones
2. L cones
3. rods
4. ganglionic cells
5. M cones

150. Which of the following structures sits on the basilar membrane and contains the hair cells for sound?

1. helicotrema
2. basilar membrane
3. tympanic membrane
4. tectorial membrane
5. organ of Corti

151. What structure detects linear acceleration?

1. semicircular canals
2. cochlea
3. basilar membrane
4. utricle
5. ampulla

152. What structure includes the scala media, scala tympani, and the scala vestibule?

1. cochlea
2. helicotrema
3. utricle
4. ampulla
5. basilar membrane

153. What transmits sound energy from the outer ear to the middle ear?

1. ampulla
2. tympanic membrane
3. cochlea
4. basilar membrane
5. external auditory meatus

154. Which of the following connects the middle ear to the pharynx?

1. basilar membrane
2. Eustachian tube
3. tympanic membrane
4. utricle
5. external auditory meatus

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155. What structure detects rotational acceleration of the head?

1. semicircular canals

2. cochlea
3. basilar membrane
4. helicotrema
5. organ of Corti

156. Tips of stereocilia for sound are embedded in what structure?

1. basilar membrane
2. tectorial membrane
3. utricle
4. organ of Corti
5. cochlea

157. What is the enlarged area at the base of the semicircular canals, which contains hair cells, called?

1. ampulla
2. cochlea
3. utricle
4. basilar membrane
5. organ of Corti

158. Which sensation has a receptor type that is a chemoreceptor?

1. vision
2. olfaction
3. taste
4. touch
5. both olfaction and taste

159. Molecules must be dissolved in fluid to interact with the receptor for which of the following?

1. vision
2. olfaction
3. taste
4. touch
5. both olfaction and taste

160. Which of the following has receptor cells that are modified epithelial cells?

1. vision
2. olfaction
3. taste
4. touch
5. both olfaction and taste

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161. Which of the following synapses with second-order neurons in glomeruli?

1. vision
2. olfaction
3. taste
4. touch
5. both olfaction and taste

Figure 10.1

162. In Figure 10.1, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5?

1. ciliary muscles, cornea, optic disc, choroid, sclera
2. zonular fibers, suspensory ligament, fovea, retina, sclera
3. suspensory ligament, aqueous humor, macula, lutea, cornea
4. ciliary body, iris, fovea, retina, sclera
5. radial muscle, pupil, macula, choroid, sclera

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Figure 10.2

163. In Figure 10.2, what are the structures, in order from 1 to 5?

1. incus, tectorial membrane, oval window, saccule, helicotrema
2. tympanic membrane, malleus, oval window, semicircular canal, eustachian tube
3. incus, round window, oval window, cochlea, external acoustic meatus
4. malleus, basilar membrane, round window, ampulla, helicotrema
5. malleus, tympanic membrane, round window, cochlea, eustachian tube

164. Proprioceptors provide the body with continuous information that changes little as a particular joint angle is maintained, and are therefore an example of        receptors.

1. phasic
2. parallel
3. clonic
4. tonic or slowly adapting
5. series

165.               receptors are better able to provide information on whether a stimulus has changed, whereas receptors are better adapted to provide information on the extent of that change.

1. Slowly adapting : tonic
2. Tonic : phasic
3. Rapidly adapting : phasic
4. Tonic : clonic
5. Phasic : tonic

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166. Which of the sensory receptors within the skin are located deep within the dermis?

1. Merkel's disks
2. baroreceptors
3. neuromuscular spindle
4. chemoreceptors
5. Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini's endings

167. Somatosensory receptors that lack identifiable specialized structures are called

1. gustatory receptors.
2. feedback loops.
3. photoreceptors.
4. Pacinian corpuscles.
5. free nerve endings.

168. Slow pain is mediated by what type of nociceptor?

1. A-delta fibers
2. polymodal nociceptors
3. Merkel's disk
4. A-gamma fibers
5. Ruffini's free endings

169. An increase in pressure within the eye due to expansion of the aqueous humor that can eventually compromise blood flow to the eye is called

1. angiogenesis.
2. diabetic microvascular insufficiency.
3. macular degeneration.
4. retinitis pigmentosa.
5. glaucoma.

170. The              is an indentation in the retina that contains the fovea.

1. choroid
2. optic foramen
3. optic disc
4. macula lutea
5. optic chiasm

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171. Which of the following arranges the components of the neural pathway for vision in the correct order, starting with the photoreceptor and ending with the visual cortex?

1. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic tract, optic chiasm, optic nerve, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
2. photoreceptor, ganglion cell, bipolar cell, optic tract, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
3. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, lateral geniculate body, optic tract, optic radiations, visual cortex
4. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, optic radiations, visual cortex
5. photoreceptor, bipolar cell, ganglion cell, optic nerve, optic radiations, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate body, visual cortex

172. What are the three ossicles in the middle ear?

1. saccule, utricle, cochlea
2. tympani, vestibule, media
3. malleus, incus, stapes
4. tympanic, tectorial, basilar
5. malleus, talus, stapes

173. In which chamber(s) of the cochlea is endolymph found?

1. scala tympani
2. scala media
3. saccule
4. scala vestibule
5. utricle

174. The stereocilia and kinocilium on the hair cells of the ampulla project into what structure?

1. saccule
2. utricle
3. scala tympani
4. scala vestibule
5. cupula

175. What molecules within the mucus of the olfactory epithelium carry odorants to the receptor on the cilia?

1. cAMP
2. hydrophilic
3. Golf
4. olfactory binding proteins
5. sustentacular proteins

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176. What type of cells in the olfactory mucosa maintain the extracellular environment surrounding the receptor cells?

1. fibroblasts
2. sustentacular cells
3. basal cells
4. mast cells
5. goblet cells

177. The bone overlying the olfactory epithelium is called the

1. frontal.
2. cribriform plate.
3. sphenoid.
4. vomer.
5. maxilla.

178. The second-order neurons in the olfactory pathway are called           cells.

A) bipolar B) gustatory C) mitral D) ganglion E) glomeruli

179. The response of every sensory receptor is governed by the law of specific nerve energies. Explain this law and its consequence for a receptor's response to low- and high-intensity stimuli, along with the general

process of sensory transduction.

180. All receptors, by definition, must transduce the energy from a stimulus into an electrical signal before that information can be sent to the central nervous system. Once that electrical signal is generated, how does the brain decode the type, intensity, duration, and location of a stimulus?
181. The primary interface between the body and the external environment is the skin. Thus, a variety of receptors exist within the skin for the detection of our external environment. List the three classes of receptors found in the skin (with an example of each with its function), and the pathways that those stimuli must follow to reach the somatosensory cortex.
182. Nociceptors play an important role in protecting us from damaging stimuli. Describe the two types of pain and the difference between discriminative and affective pain. Describe the gate-control theory of pain modulation.

183. Describe the process involved in focusing an image onto the retina for objects near and far and how that process is controlled. Identify the two common defects in our ability to focus light on the retina and how they can be fixed.
184. Photoreceptive cells are located within the retina. Describe the general structure and the cells present within the retina, and how light is converted into electrical energy within rods and cones.
185. Describe the neural pathway of vision from the photoreceptor to the primary visual cortex. How are we able to perceive the three-dimensional character of the world around us?
186. What are the components of sound that are detected within the ear, and how does that sound reach the inner ear where it is transduced into electrical energy?
187. Within the inner ear are several structures that are involved in equilibrium and balance. Describe these structures and how they are able to detect changes in velocity and direction.

188. Taste involves a complex mixture of different receptors for particular classes of compounds that can be present in food. Describe how taste receptors are able to detect the four primary tastes.
189. Thermoreceptors have relatively (large / small) receptive fields.
190. (Nociceptors / Warm receptors) respond best to temperatures greater than 44°C.
191. The absence of pain, but not other somatosensations, is called (anesthesia / analgesia).
192. A (concave / convex) lens causes light waves to converge onto a focal point.
193. During near vision, the ciliary muscle contracts due to activation of the (sympathetic / parasympathetic) nervous system. As a result, the zonular fibers to go slack, which causes the refractive power of the lens to increase and the lens become rounder.