Florida International University

PCB 2099

Principles of Human Physiology, 5e (Stanfield)

Chapter 6 The Endocrine System: Endocrine Glands and Hormone Actions

Multiple Choice Questions

1)A secondary endocrine organ is                               .

1. 1. an organ that secretes at least two hormones
   2. an organ that receives communication from at least two hormones
   3. an organ that secretes tropic hormones
   4. an organ that is the target of tropic hormones
   5. an organ that secretes hormones, but is better known for another function

2. Which of the following endocrine organs is located in the brain?
   1. pancreas
   2. adrenal gland
   3. hypothalamus
   4. gonads
   5. thymus

3. What is another name for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
   1. adenohypophysis
   2. neurohypophysis
   3. pineal gland
   4. melanocyte
   5. paraventricular nucleus

4. What hormone released by the posterior pituitary functions in uterine contraction and milk letdown in the breast?
   1. Somatomedin
   2. Vasopressin
   3. Antidiuretic hormone
   4. Oxytocin
   5. Prolactin

5. Secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by                              released from the

                     .

1. 1. antidiuretic hormone : hypothalamus
   2. inhibiting hormones : posterior pituitary
   3. oxytocin : hypothalamus
   4. stimulating hormones : posterior pituitary
   5. releasing hormones : hypothalamus

6. What ensure(s) that blood levels of a specific releasing hormone are locally high in order to stimulate the pituitary?
   1. degradation rates of tropic hormones
   2. affinity of the tropic hormones
   3. hepatic portal system
   4. hypothalamic-pituitary portal system
   5. pulsatility of tropic hormone release

7. Which of the following is NOT a hormone released from the anterior pituitary?
   1. prolactin inhibiting hormone
   2. luteinizing hormone
   3. follicle stimulating hormone
   4. growth hormone
   5. adrenocorticotropic hormone

8. Which tropic hormone is responsible for controlling the release of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary?
   1. growth hormone releasing hormone
   2. corticotropin releasing hormone
   3. follicle releasing hormone
   4. gonadotropin releasing hormone
   5. follicle stimulating releasing hormone

9. Which of the following correctly describes a pathway for secretion of a hormone under the control of tropic hormones?
   1. CRH stimulates ACTH release, which stimulates somatomedin release.
   2. PRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
   3. GHRH stimulates GH release, which stimulates insulin-like growth factor release.
   4. GnRH stimulates PH release, which stimulates prolactin release.
   5. TRH stimulates TSH release, which stimulates thymosin release.

10. Which of the following tropic hormones is a catecholamine?
    1. prolactin-releasing hormone
    2. prolactin-inhibiting hormone
    3. growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
    4. growth hormone
    5. luteinizing hormone

11. Which of the following is a correct example of long-loop negative feedback?
    1. TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
    2. TSH stimulates the release of TRH.
    3. Glucocorticoids inhibit the release of CRH.
    4. FSH inhibits the release of GnRH.
    5. GH stimulates the release of GHIH.

12. Which of the following is a correct example of short-loop negative feedback?
    1. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TRH.
    2. Thyroid hormones inhibit the release of TSH.
    3. TRH stimulates the release of thyroid hormones.
    4. TSH inhibits the release of TRH.
    5. TRH inhibits the release of TSH.

13. The release of                         from the pineal gland is important for establishing                             .
    1. melatonin : thirst
    2. prolactin : circadian rhythm
    3. melatonin : circadian rhythm
    4. prolactin : breast milk production
    5. melanin : thirst

14. The thyroid gland secretes what hormone?
    1. thyroid hormones only
    2. thymosin only
    3. calcitonin only
    4. both thyroid hormones and thymosin
    5. both thyroid hormones and calcitonin

15. What is triiodothyronine?
    1. a catecholamine released from the adrenal cortex
    2. a catecholamine released from the adrenal medulla
    3. a thyroid hormone secreted from the thyroid gland
    4. the hormone secreted from the thymus
    5. the hormone secreted from the pineal gland

16. Which of the following hormones is NOT released from the adrenal gland?
    1. adrenocorticotropic hormone
    2. aldosterone
    3. cortisol
    4. androgens
    5. epinephrine

17. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the endocrine region of the pancreas?
    1. insulin
    2. glucagon
    3. somatostatin
    4. pancreatic polypeptide
    5. glucocorticoids

18. What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids?
    1. zona reticularis only
    2. zona fasciculata only
    3. zona glomerulosa only
    4. both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
    5. both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa

19. What layer of the adrenal cortex secretes androgens?
    1. zona reticularis only
    2. zona fasciculata only
    3. zona glomerulosa only
    4. both zonae reticularis and fasciculata
    5. both zonae reticularis and glomerulosa

20. What region of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine?
    1. zona reticularis
    2. zona fasciculata
    3. zona glomerulosa
    4. medulla
    5. zonae reticularis, fasciculata, and glomerulosa

21. What cells secrete epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
    1. chromaffin cells
    2. A cells
    3. B cells
    4. D cells
    5. zona reticularis cells

22. Which of the following is an incorrect association between pancreatic cell type and hormone secreted?
    1. Alpha cells secrete glucagon.
    2. Beta cells secrete insulin.
    3. Delta cells secrete somatostatin.
    4. Epsilon cells secrete calcitonin.
    5. F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.

23. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by gonads?
    1. testosterone
    2. oxytocin
    3. androstenedione
    4. estradiol
    5. progesterone

24. What anterior pituitary hormone is NOT a tropic hormone?
    1. prolactin
    2. growth hormone
    3. adrenocorticotropic hormone
    4. follicle stimulating hormone
    5. luteinizing hormone

25. Which of the following hormones regulates plasma calcium levels?
    1. calcitonin only
    2. oxytocin only
    3. parathyroid hormone only
    4. both calcitonin and oxytocin
    5. both calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

26. What hormone is secreted by the heart?
    1. erythropoietin
    2. thymosin
    3. atrial natriuretic peptide
    4. epinephrine
    5. somatostatin

27. Where does the neural input for circadian rhythmicity of hypothalamic tropic hormones originate?
    1. suprachiasmatic nucleus
    2. paraventricular nucleus
    3. supraoptic nucleus
    4. pineal gland
    5. cerebrum

28. Abnormal hormone secretions from an endocrine gland due to altered tropic hormone release are called   .
    1. primary secretion disorders
    2. hypersecretions
    3. secondary secretion disorders
    4. hyposecretions
    5. tertiary secretion disorders

29. Which of the following changes in plasma levels would be observed in a primary hyposecretion of cortisol?
    1. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    2. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    3. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    4. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    5. increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

30. A person has a tumor in the hypothalamus causing an excess in TRH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
    1. increased TRH, increased TSH, and increased thyroid hormones
    2. decreased TRH, decreased TSH, and decreased thyroid hormones
    3. increased TRH, increased TSH, and decreased thyroid hormones
    4. decreased TRH, decreased TSH, and increased thyroid hormones
    5. increased TRH, decreased TSH, and decreased thyroid hormones

31. A person has a tumor in the anterior pituitary causing a decrease in ACTH secretion. Which of the following correctly describes changes in plasma levels of hormones?
    1. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    2. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    3. increased CRH, increased ACTH, and decreased cortisol
    4. decreased CRH, decreased ACTH, and increased cortisol
    5. increased CRH, decreased ACTH, and decreased cortisol

32. Which of the following best describes the mechanism of insulin catabolism in target cells?
    1. degradation by lysosomes following receptor-mediated endocytosis
    2. degradation by insulin-degrading enzyme following receptor-mediated endocytosis
    3. degradation by proteases in the extracellular fluid
    4. degradation by mitochondrial enzymes following receptor-mediated endocytosis
    5. degradation by peroxisomal enzymes

33. When the response to two hormones is equal to the sum of their individual responses, the response is described as                                                .
    1. permissive
    2. antagonized
    3. synergistic
    4. additive
    5. agonistic

34. When the response to two hormones is greater than the sum of the individual responses, the response is described as                                                .
    1. permissive
    2. antagonized
    3. synergistic
    4. additive
    5. agonistic

1. 1. True/False Questions

1. A releasing hormone is a type of tropic hormone.

2. The hypothalamus is connected to the posterior pituitary by the hypothalamic-pituitary portal system.

3. The secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary is controlled by hypothalamic tropic hormones.

4. Growth hormone functions as both a tropic hormone and as a hormone that acts on target cells throughout the body.

5. The only non-peptide/protein tropic hormone is somatostatin.

6. The only non-peptide/protein tropic hormone is dopamine.

7. The release of LH and FSH by the anterior pituitary is under control of the same hypothalamic tropic hormone.

8. In a short negative feedback loop, a tropic hormone from the anterior pituitary inhibits the release of its own releasing hormone from the hypothalamus.

9. The hormone thymosin is released from the thyroid gland.

10. The thyroid gland secretes parathyroid hormone.

11. The parathyroid glands secrete calcitonin.

12. The zona fasciculata secretes both androgens and glucocorticoids.

13. All hormones of the adrenal cortex are steroid hormones.

14. The skin is necessary for the activation of calcitonin.

15. Insulin-like growth factors are secreted by the liver and function to promote tissue growth.

16. The magnitude of response at the target cell depends on both the concentration of hormone and the concentration of receptor.

17. All hormones are required to be bound to carrier proteins in order to be active.

18. Hormones transported in blood bound to proteins are metabolized more slowly than those traveling dissolved in plasma.

19. Regulation of insulin release by blood glucose levels is an example of humoral control of hormone secretion.

20. Growth hormone has direct action on target cells throughout the body.

21. Much of the insulin is removed from the blood as it passes through the liver.

22. Kidney cells contain insulin-degrading enzyme.

1. 2. Matching Questions

Match the endocrine gland to the hormone.

1. posterior pituitary
2. adrenal medulla
3. pancreas
4. adrenal cortex
5. thyroid gland

1. 1. Calcitonin.

1. 2. Insulin.

1. 3. Vasopressin.

1. 4. Somatostatin.

1. 5. Aldosterone.

1. 6. Androgens.

1. 7. Glucagon.

1. 8. Cortisol.

1. 9. Epinephrine.

1. 10. Oxytocin.

Match the hypothalamic tropic hormone to the hormone whose release is ultimately affected.

1. cortisol
2. insulin-like growth factors
3. thyroid hormone
4. glucagon
5. sex hormones

1. 11. GnRH.

1. 12. CRH.

1. 13. GHRH.

1. 14. TRH.

Match the pancreatic cell type with the hormone it secretes.

1. F cells
2. delta cells
3. beta cells
4. alpha cells

1. 15. Insulin.

1. 16. Somatostatin.

1. 17. Glucagon.

1. 18. Pancreatic polypeptide.

1. 3. Essay Questions

1. Discuss the structure and function of the pituitary gland, with special emphasis on the hormones released from the posterior pituitary.

2. Discuss the hypothalamic-pituitary feedback regulation of hormone release from the anterior pituitary. Include long and short feedback loops, using thyroid hormone as an example.

3. Describe the structure of the adrenal glands and the hormones that originate from within those structures.

4. The effect a hormone will have on the target tissue is, in part, dependent upon the concentration of free hormone in the blood. How are the levels of free hormone within the blood regulated?

1. 4. Short Answer Questions

1. What is the name of the stalk that connects the hypothalamus and pituitary gland?

2. What are hormones that regulate the release of other hormones called?

3. What is the hormone whose release is stimulated by follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in men?

4. Name the two hormones released in females in response to LH.

5. Inhibition of TRH release by the thyroid hormones is an example of (long-loop / short-loop) negative feedback.

6. What hormone released from the thyroid gland regulates blood calcium?

7. Parathyroid hormone regulates blood levels of what ion?

8. Aldosterone is secreted by which layer(s) of cells within the adrenal cortex?

9. What cells of the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines?

10. Identify the two classes of input that can alter the secretion of hormones.
11. An alteration within the anterior pituitary that decreases the secretion of thyroid hormone would be termed a                                             disorder.