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Homework answers / question archive / Georgia State University BIOL 4428 1)What are PAMPS?   What are Toll like receptors on which cell are they found?   Explain briefly what happens When a PAMPs bind to Toll-like receptors   Give two examples of antimicrobial chemicals that we produce and that do not depend oxygen

Georgia State University BIOL 4428 1)What are PAMPS?   What are Toll like receptors on which cell are they found?   Explain briefly what happens When a PAMPs bind to Toll-like receptors   Give two examples of antimicrobial chemicals that we produce and that do not depend oxygen

Biology

Georgia State University

BIOL 4428

1)What are PAMPS?

 

  1. What are Toll like receptors on which cell are they found?

 

  1. Explain briefly what happens When a PAMPs bind to Toll-like receptors

 

  1. Give two examples of antimicrobial chemicals that we produce and that do not depend oxygen .

 

  1. Describe the functions of the following cells
    1.       Neutrophils,
    2.       Basophils,
    3. eosinophils,
    4. monocytes,
    5. macrophages,

 

    1. lymphocytes.

 

  1. Which cells are involved in the adaptive immune response. Which cells are involved in the innate immune response

 

  1. List the outcomes of complement fixation (3)

 

  1. List the 6 steps that occur during the process of phagocytosis

 

 

  1. List the cells that are phagocytic.(3)
    1. Neutophils
    2. Macrophages
    3. Monocytes

 

  1. Define the following:
    1. Chemotaxis- the movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus.
    2. Phagolysosome-the vacuole formed when phagosome fuses with lysosome
    3. Opsonization- term that refers to an immune process where particles such as bacteria are targeted for destruction by an immune cell known as a phagocyte
  2. What are the signs of inflammation?
    1. Redness
    2. Swollen joints
    3. Joint pain

 

  1. What is the aim of inflammation ?
    1. Describe the process of initiation and development of inflammation. Include in your description the role of cytokines in dilations of blood vessels, chemotaxix, leakage of fluid into tissues ,cells involved …in the right chronological order.

 

  1. Indicate whether each of the following is involved in innate immunity adaptive immunity or both
    1. Inflammation            
    2. Antibodies                 
    3. Antigens                     
    4. memory response  
    5. Neutrophils               
    6. Basophils                    
    7. Mast cells                   
    8. Eosinophils,               
    9. Macrophages           
    10. B cells                           
    11. T cells                           
    12. Complement            
    13. Interferon fever                      
    14. Natural killer (NK) cells.        

 

 

The innate immune system

  1. Which of the following is not a granulocyte(eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)?
      1. eosinophil
      2. macrophage
      3. basophil
      4. neutrophil

 

  1. All blood cells originate from the
  1. erythrocyte.
  2. leukocytic stem cell.

 

  1. eosinophilic stem cell.
  2. hematopoietic stem cell.

 

  1. The leukocyte that contains histamine is the
  1. lymphocyte.
  2. monocyte.
  3. macrophage.
  4. basophil.

 

  1. The defense system utilizing highly specialized cells and chemicals that develop in response to specific organisms and foreign materials is the
  1. generalized defense system.
  2. innate immune system.
  3. adaptive immune system.
  4. autoimmunity.

 

  1. Allergic reactions mainly involve
  1. macrophages.
  2. monocytes.
  3. neutrophils.
  4. mast cells.

 

.19.  Which of the following are referred to as mononuclear phagocytes?

  1. lymphocytes and basophils
  2. mast cells and eosinophils
  3. basophils and eosinophils
  4. monocytes and macrophages

 

.20.  Macrophages form giant cells and granulomas in response to

  1. leprosy.
  2. tuberculosis.
  3. cholera.
  4. AIDS.

 

21. Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells (cells that mediate cellular immune response by processing and presenting antigens to the T-cell receptor)?

  1. dendritic cells and macrophages
  2. T cells
  3. erythrocytes
  4. basophils

 

22. The leukocyte responsible for adaptive immunity is the

  1. lymphocyte.
  2. monocyte.
  3. eosinophil.
  4. neutrophil.

 

 

23. Skin and mucous membranes

  1. are the first line of innate immunity.
  2. are the first line of adaptive immunity.
  3. act as physical barriers to infection.
  4. contain antimicrobial secretions.
  5. a, c and d

 

24. C3a and C5a are involved in           

 

 

25. C3b is involved in                  

 

26. The complex resulting from complement activity that leads to cell lysis is the

  1. prostaglandin complex.
  2. leukotriene activating complex.
  3. membrane attack complex.
  4. histamine complex.

 

27. Which of the following are most susceptible to complement lysis?

  1. Gram-positive bacteria
  2. Gram-negative bacteria
  3. bacteriophages

c. prions

 

28. The low molecular weight glycoprotein produced by animal cells in response to viral infections is     

 

 

29. Interferons function to make cells      

 

 

30. Which of the following cytokines is most antiviral in its action?

  1. interleukin-1
  2. interleukin-2
  3. interferon
  4. lysozyme

 

31. Which of the following statements about interferon is incorrect?

  1. It only works on a few specific types of virus.
  2. It makes cells resistant to viral infection.
  3. It is a species specific molecule.
  4. It does not directly inactivate viruses

 

32. Which activity of the virally-invaded cell triggers production of interferon?

  1. activation of rRNA

 

  1. movement of nuclear proteins to the cytoplasm
  2. production of glycolipids
  3. production of dsRNA

 

33. The four cardinal signs of inflammation are:

 

34. The first host response to a nonspecific tissue injury is described as

 

35. The first kind of leukocyte lured to the site of inflammation from circulation

 

36. The attraction of leukocytes to the area on inflammation is referred to as

 

37. The cellular organelle responsible for the digestion of ingested infectious agents is the

 

38. Following digestion of a microorganism by phagocytes, the debris is excreted by

 

True/False

 

  1. White blood cells called leukocytes are important in immunity.  
  2. Mast cells are only found in the blood.

 

  1. Lymphocytes are the cells primarily responsible for the specific immune responses.

 

  1. Lymphocytes that mature in the bone marrow are called T cells.

 

  1. Gram-negative bacteria are less susceptible to complement lysis than Gram-positive bacteria.

 

  1. Interferon directly interacts with and destroys viruses.

 

  1. Neutrophils are the second phagocytic cell to respond to an infection.  

 

  1. Fever often enhances bacterial survival during an infection.
  2. Defensins are short antimicrobial peptides found within mucus membranes and phagocytes.

 

Immunopathogenesis

 

  1. If the immune system responds inadequately to antigenic stimulation, this is termed
    1. hypersensitivity.
    2. autoimmunity.
    3. cell-mediated immunity.
    4. immunodeficiency.

 

  1. The immunoglobulin associated with Type I hypersensitivity is
    1. IgG.
    2. IgA.
    3. IgM.
    4. IgE.
    5. IgD.

 

 

  1. During a Type I hypersensitivity reaction, the mast cells
    1. become phagocytic.
    2. release IgE antibodies.
    3. degranulate.
    4. immediately release histamine.
    5. degranulate AND immediately release histamine.

 

 

.7. Generalized/systematic anaphylaxis is generally characterized by

  1. wheal and flare. Local anaphy.
  2. inflammation.
  3. shock.
  4. rash.

 

.8. Most cases of generalized anaphylaxis are a result of

  1. fire ant stings.
  2. aspirin.
  3. bananas.
  4. peanuts, bee stings or penicillin injections.

 

 

9.The type of hypersensitivity expressed with the lysing of red blood cells is

 

  1. A transfusion reaction(Type II hypersensitivity reaction) primarily involves
    1. leukocytes.
    2. phagocytes.
    3. platelets.
    4. erythrocytes.

 

 

  1. Regarding a mismatch of either the Rh antigen or the AB antigen, both
    1. result in destruction of red blood cells.
    2. utilize complement to destroy red blood cells.
    3. utilize antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity to destroy the red blood cells.
    4. result in destruction of only leukocytes.

 

 

  1. Delayed type hypersensitivity primarily involves
    1. erythrocytes.
    2. B cells.
    3. T cells.
    4. mast cells.

 

  1. Type IV hypersensitivity reactions typically peak within
    1. minutes.
    2. hours.
    3. 12 hours.
    4. 2-3 days.

 

  1. Graft-versus-host disease is primarily a
    1. Type I reaction.
    2. Type II reaction.
    3. Type III reaction.
    4. Type IV reaction.
    5. Type V reaction.

 

  1. The tissue antigens most involved in graft rejection involve
    1. Rh.

 

    1. ABO.
    2. MHC.
    3. MLB.

 

 

 

Multiple Choice

 

  1. The practice of deliberately stimulating the immune system is called_______________
    1. acquired immunity.
    2. memory immunity.
    3. vaccination.
    4. hypersensitivity.

 

  1. Almost all of the antibodies found in a newborn are____________
  1. the result of infection.
  2. self-made.
  3. IgM.
  4. the result of passive immunity.

 

 

  1. Which antibodies cross the placenta and protect the fetus?
  1. IgA
  2. IgG
  3. IgM
  4. IgD

 

  1. Attenuated agents are_________________
  1. dead viruses.
  2. toxins.
  3. weakened live pathogens.
  4. parts of an organism.

 

  1. Attenuated agents____________
  1. may induce immunity after a single dose.
  2. may cause disease in immunocompromised individuals.
  3. multiply in the body.
  4. may revert or mutate to disease-causing strains.
  5. all of the above

 

  1. Inactivated immunizing agents are prepared by treatment with_______________
  1. alcohol.
  2. phenol.
  3. formalin.

 

  1. histamine.
  1. The Salk vaccine______________
  1. contains live attenuated virus.
  2. contains inactivated virus.
  3. contains a portion of the polio virus.
  4. occasionally causes disease.

 

  1. Whole agent vaccines may contain__________
  1. viruses.
  2. bacteria.
  3. toxins.
  4. polysaccharides.
  5. a and b

 

  1. Toxoids are used in vaccines against_____________
  1. Haemophilus influenza type b.
  2. diphtheria and tetanus, pertussis
  3. herpes simplex type I.
  4. polio.
  5. b and c

 

  1. A recombinant vaccine is used to protect against
  1. polio.
  2. diphtheria.
  3. hepatitis B.
  4. pertussi
  1. The only approved adjuvant is_______________
  1. ethanol.
  2. formalin.s
  3. alum.
  4. aluminum.
  5. c and d

 

  1. Which type of vaccine has been used in place of inactivated whole cell vaccine?
  1. acellular subunit
  2. whole cell attenuated
  3. adjuvant
  4. toxin.

 

  1.  Herd immunity_______________
  1. only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune.
  2. occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune.
  3. only provides protection to those that are already immune.
  4. is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.
  5. b and d

 

 

 

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