York University - KINE 4020

Metabolism: Transformations and Interactions

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)Which of the following can be synthesized from all 3 energy-yielding nutrients?

1. 1. lactate
   2. glycogen
   3. acetyl-coA
   4. oxaloacetate

2. If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from table sugar, approximately how many of the kcalories are stored in the body?
   1. 25 kcal
   2. 50 kcal
   3. 75 kcal
   4. 100 kcal

3. If a person consumes 100 kcalories in excess of energy needs from olive oil, approximately what per- centage of the kcalories are stored in the body?
   1. 25 percent
   2. 45 percent
   3. 65 percent
   4. 95 percent

4. Jake is getting ready for spring training and is sitting down to a dinner of half a chicken, a rib-eye steak, black beans, and 5 slices of bacon. He has been eating typical dinners like this for about a month and has since gained 3 kg while exercising only briefly. Why hasn’t Jake seen an increase in his biceps or abs?
   1. Dietary protein alone does not contribute to muscle accretion.
   2. It takes at least 6 months to document changes in muscle accretion.
   3. The weight he has gained can be attributed to a substantial increase in otherprotein stores.
   4. Because muscle accretion only responds to very lean meat choices, he should eliminate the fatty bacon and steak from his diet to promote muscle gain.

5. Which of the following statements explains how excess carbohydrate intake contributes to obesity?
   1. It is efficiently converted to storage fat.
   2. It spares oxidation of body fat and dietary fat.
   3. It stimulates glucagon release resulting in inhibition of fatty acid oxidation.
   4. It stimulates pancreatic lipase secretion, which results in higher dietary fat absorption.

6. Which of the following reactions is the body’s first response to the absorption of abundant amounts of carbohydrate?
   1. catabolism of body fat
   2. catabolism of glycogen
   3. synthesis and storage of glycogen
   4. synthesis and storage of triglycerides

7. Assuming that other nutrient needs are met, what is the most efficient way to fatten a turkey?
   1. Feed excess fat.
   2. Feed excess protein.
   3. Feed excess starch.
   4. Feed excess glucose.

8. If an individual consumes dietary carbohydrate in excess of energy needs, what would be the first pathway for disposal of the carbohydrate? ,
   1. fat synthesis
   2. ATP synthesis
   3. glycogen synthesis
   4. protein synthesis

9. What is the body’s most likely response to surplus dietary fat?
   1. The excess fat will almost all be stored as body fat.
   2. The excess fat will promote increased fat oxidation.
   3. The excess fat will spares breakdown of body proteins.
   4. The greater the excess of dietary fat the lower the efficiency of fat storage .

10. After the first day or so of fasting, which of the following compounds is most depleted in the body?
    1. glycogen
    2. fatty acids
    3. amino acids
    4. triglycerides

11. Of the total amount of carbohydrate energy consumed by the body, approximately what percentage is used by the brain and nerve cells?
    1. 10 percent
    2. 30 percent
    3. 50 percent
    4. 90 percent

12. If a normal person expends 1200 kcalories while at rest, approximately how many are used by the brain?
    1. 40 kcal
    2. 100 kcal
    3. 200 kcal
    4. 300 kcal

13. During the first few days of a fast, what energy source provides about 90 percent of the glucose

needed to fuel the body?

1. 1. protein
   2. ketones
   3. glycogen
   4. triglycerides

14. How soon would death occur from starvation if the body was unable to shift to a state of ketosis?
    1. approximately 3 days
    2. approximately 3 weeks
    3. approximately 6 weeks
    4. 2 to 3 months

15. The effects on metabolism from starvation are most similar to those from which of the following states?
    1. fasting
    2. feasting
    3. a balanced reduced energy diet
    4. physical activity energy expenditure in excess of dietary intake

16. Which of the following results in ketone formation?
    1. lack of protein in the diet
    2. partially oxidation of fats
    3. excess acetoacetate in the diet

1. 4. excess carbohydrate in the diet

17. Which of the following conditions most likely results in acetone breath?
    1. ketonemia
    2. feasting syndrome
    3. acetyl-coA toxicity
    4. metabolic hormone imbalance

18. Which of the following substances is used to supply some of the fuel needed by the brain only after the body has been fasting for a while?
    1. ketones
    2. glycerol
    3. fatty acids
    4. amino acids

19. Elizabeth has been fasting for 4 days in observance of her religious beliefs. You note that her breath smells “fruity.” This is most likely due to which of the following occurrences?
    1. her intake of religious wafers
    2. her intake of dilute fruit juices
    3. her body’s shift to a state of ketosis
    4. her body’s switch to a lipogenic state

20. Which of the following symptoms is most likely to be experienced by an individual who has de- veloped ketosis?
    1. lowering of blood pH
    2. an increased appetite
    3. a vinegar-like odour on the breath
    4. weight gain

21. What type of diet is associated with the development of ketosis?
    1. low fat
    2. low carbohydrate
    3. high protein
    4. high energy

22. Ketonemia is defined as an elevation of which of the following?
    1. ketones in the blood
    2. ketones in the urine

1. 3. alpha-ketoglutarate in the blood
   4. alpha-ketoglutarate in the urine

23. How are ketones formed?
    1. by condensation of lactic acid molecules
    2. by condensation of acetyl-coA molecules
    3. by hydrolysis of excess glycerol fragments
    4. by hydrolysis of excess pyruvate fragments

24. Which of the following responses is least likely to be symptomatic of starvation?
    1. a decrease in metabolic rate
    2. a decrease in mental alertness
    3. a decrease in immune function
    4. a decrease in body temperature

25. Which of the following is classified as a ketone body?
    1. sorbitol
    2. pyruvate
    3. acetyl-coA
    4. acetoacetate

26. Lillie has been diagnosed with ketosis after following a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet for 2 months. Which of the following symptoms would also indicate ketosis in Lillie?
    1. thinning hair
    2. irritable temper
    3. fishy body odour
    4. fruity odour on breath

27. A person is observed to have fruity odour on their breath. Which of the following states is the most likely explanation?
    1. ketosis
    2. feasting
    3. alkalosis
    4. overnight fasting

28. Which of the following dietary nutrients would most rapidly reverse a state of ketosis in a starving person?
    1. fat

1. 2. protein
   3. amino acids
   4. carbohydrate

29. What side effects are typically experienced withlow-carbohydrate weight loss diets?
    1. enhanced sports performance
    2. elevated uric acid
    3. diarrhea
    4. high blood pressure

30. The health benefits of moderate alcohol intake occur in people from which of the following ages?
    1. 21 years
    2. 35 years
    3. 55 years
    4. 65 years

31. Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of how many ethanol-containing drinks within a couple of hours?
    1. 1–2 drinks
    2. 4–5 drinks
    3. 6–9 drinks
    4. more than 10 drinks

32. Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized wo- man?
    1. up to 1 drink
    2. up to 2 drinks
    3. up to 3 drinks
    4. up to 5 drinks

33. Which of the following defines a moderate level of alcohol intake per day for the average-sized man?
    1. up to 1 drink
    2. up to 2 drinks
    3. up to 3 drinks
    4. up to 5 drinks

34. The chemical structure of ethanol consists of which of the following combinations?
    1. 2 carbons and 1 hydroxyl group

1. 2. 3 carbons and 2 carbonyl groups
   3. 4 carbons and 1 keto acid
   4. 6 carbons and 2 double bonds

35. With alcohol beverages, what is the ratio of proof to percentage of alcohol? a.        1:1

b.   2:1

c.   4:1

d.   8:1

36. The amount of ethanol in a typical “drink” is which of the following amounts?
    1. 0.5 ounce
    2. 1 ounce
    3. 1.5 ounces
    4. 2 ounces

37. One average-sized can or bottle of beer (340 mL) contains about the same amount of alcohol as which of the following drinks?
    1. 15 mLof rum
    2. 500 mL of wine
    3. 50 mL of vodka
    4. 1 litre of wine cooler

38. What is the percentage of ethanol in 120-proof scotch whiskey?
    1. 5 percent
    2. 30 percent
    3. 60 percent
    4. 95 percent

39. Which of the following is one explanation for the generally lower tolerance for alcohol in women in comparison to men?
    1. Women fast more often.
    2. Women do not eat as much food with the alcohol.
    3. Women consume more of their alcohol in sweetened drinks.
    4. Women have lower amounts of stomach alcohol dehydrogenase.

40. Which of these organs is first to absorb alcohol after a person takes a drink?
    1. colon

1. 2. stomach
   3. jejunum
   4. duodenum

41. What is the primary organ that oxidizes alcohol?
    1. brain
    2. liver
    3. pancreas
    4. digestive tract

42. Which of the following is best suited for slowing alcohol absorption?
    1. not eating
    2. eating protein snacks
    3. drinking caffeine drinks
    4. eating carbohydrate snacks

43. The metabolism of alcohol begins in which of these organs?
    1. liver
    2. brain
    3. stomach
    4. intestines

44. In which of the following situations would you expect alcohol absorption (15g) to be slowest?
    1. following a 600 kcal meal
    2. when consumed with a mixer of fruit juice
    3. when consumed by underweight versus overweight individuals
    4. when consumed by a woman compared to a man

45. Which of these describes acetaldehyde?
    1. an intermediate in fatty acid synthesis
    2. an intermediate in alcohol metabolism
    3. the first product of fatty acid catabolism
    4. the TCA compound that combines with acetyl-coA

46. Your middle-aged aunt says that she always feels more “tipsy” than her same-size husband, even though their alcohol intake is the same. You respond by saying to your aunt which of the following?
    1. “Men have greater amounts of liver acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so can oxidize the al- cohol at a faster rate.”

1. 2. “Women have less stomach alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme and consequently absorb more of the alcohol into the bloodstream.”
   3. “Men have greater amounts of alcohol dehydrogenase in the brain, resulting in reduced ex- posure of brain neurons to alcohol.”
   4. “Women have less liver alcohol dehydrogenase and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and so more alcohol is released into the systemic circulation.”

47. In the average healthy person, about how much time is required by the liver to process the alcohol in a typical drink?
    1. 15 minutes
    2. 30 minutes
    3. 1 hour
    4. 2 hours

48. Which of the following plays a major role in regulating the elimination of alcohol from the body?
    1. cellular mitochondrial ethanol oxidizing system
    2. kidney antidiuretic hormone
    3. liver alcohol dehydrogenase
    4. brain acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

49. Which of the following is a basis for driving legislation and blood alcohol?
    1. Acceptable blood alcohol concentrations are lower in women than men
    2. Acceptable blood alcohol concentrations are higher in overweight versus underweight in- dividuals
    3. Athletes can generally tolerate more alcohol than sedentary individuals of the same body weight because alcohol is metabolized by muscle as well as by the liver.
    4. The amount of alcohol in the breath is proportional to the amount in the bloo

50. Excess alcohol intake leads to a reduction in the synthesis rate of the following compounds?
    1. liver fat
    2. liver glucose
    3. ketone bodies
    4. acetyl-coA molecules

51. What is the sequence of stages that brings about advanced liver disease caused by chronic alcohol tox- icity?
    1. fibrosis, decreased activation of vitamin D, cirrhosis
    2. alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis, fat accumulation
    3. decreased vitamin D activation, fat accumulation, fibrosis
    4. fat accumulation, alcoholic hepatitis, cirrhosis

52. Which of these describes MEOS?
    1. an advanced liver disorder
    2. a drug that inhibits alcohol absorption
    3. a waste product of alcohol metabolism
    4. a system of enzymes that oxidizes alcohol and drugs

53. Approximately what percentage of alcohol in the body is eliminated via the urine and breath?
    1. 1 percent
    2. 2 percent
    3. 10 percent
    4. 25 percent

54. Which of the following functions is (are) first to be affected when a person begins to drink alcohol?
    1. speech and vision
    2. judgment and reasoning
    3. voluntary muscle control
    4. respiration and heart function

55. What is the minimum blood alcohol percentage that defines legal drunkenness in most provinces?
    1. 0.05 percent
    2. 0.08 percent
    3. 0.11 percent
    4. 0.15 percent

56. What minimum concentration of blood alcohol leads to impaired judgment and increased heart rate?
    1. 0.01 percent
    2. 0.05 percent
    3. 0.10 percent
    4. 0.35 percent

57. What minimum concentration of alcohol in the blood is usually fatal?
    1. 0.5 percent
    2. 1 percent
    3. 5 percent
    4. 50 percent

58. Which of the following is a consequence of alcohol intake?
    1. The MEOS is suppressed.
    2. Homocysteine production is reduced.
    3. Water content of the blood in increased.
    4. Antidiuretic hormone production is suppresse

59. Approximately how many kcalories are contained in 3 ounces of 80-proof rum?
    1. 50 kcal
    2. 100 kcal
    3. 150 kcal
    4. 200 kcal

60. The Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome in people with chronic alcohol abuse stems primarily from a defi- ciency of which of the following compounds?
    1. folate
    2. thiamine
    3. antidiuretic hormone
    4. alcohol dehydrogenase

61. Which of the following is the most likely metabolic response to excessive ethanol intake?
    1. increased gastric acid output
    2. Idecreases activity of the MEO.
    3. decreases secretion of gastric histamine.
    4. increases secretion of antidiuretic hormone.

62. How does chronic excess alcohol intake affect folate ?
    1. The small intestine recycles more folate.
    2. The liver releases less folate into the blood.
    3. The kidneys excrete more folate via the urine.
    4. The small intestine absorbs more folate from the diet.

63. Approximately how many kcalories from ethanol are contained in 1 standard drink of vodka or rum?
    1. 25 kcal
    2. 50 kcal
    3. 100 kcal
    4. 200 kcal

64. Approximately what percentage of all Canadians who consume alcohol would be considered heavy drinkers?
    1. 5 percent
    2. 10 percent
    3. 15 percent
    4. 20 percent

65. What percentage of Canadian university students was reported to binge drink? a.            18.5

b.   20.5

c.   22.5

d.   24.5

66. In a 2004 survey of university students across Canada, what % had consumed alcohol in the previous month?
    1. about 1/4
    2. about 1/2
    3. about 3/4
    4. almost all

67. Which of the following is the most likely physiological response to alcohol ingestion?
    1. cooling of the body
    2. appetite stimulation
    3. increased mineral absorption
    4. stimulation of brain activity

MATCHING

1. NAD
2. Urea
3. MEOS
4. Water
5. Glucose
6. Enzyme
7. Glycogen
8. Glycerol
1. Ammonia
10. Coenzyme
11. Cori cycle
50. Lactate
1000. Acetoacetate

14. Acetyl-coA
15. Pyruvate
16. Glucogenic
17. Gastric alcohol dehydrogenase
18. Synthesis of pyruvate from glycogen
19. Synthesis of cholesterol from acetate
20. Synthesis of acetyl-coA from glucose

1. Example of an anabolic reaction
2. Example of a catabolic reaction
3. A protein that accelerates a chemical reaction
4. A small non-protein organic substance that promotes optimal activity of an enzyme
5. A product of glycolysis
6. A product of pyruvate metabolism when oxygen is limited
7. The oxidation product of pyruvate
8. A recycling process of converting lactate to glucose
9. An irreversible reaction
10. The part of a triglyceride that is convertible to glucose
11. A product of deamination
12. Amino acids that are convertible to glucose
13. The principal nitrogen-containing waste product
14. Waste product of the electron transport chain
15. A storage form of carbohydrate
16. The major energy fuel for the central nervous system
17. A ketone
18. An enzyme with activity levels related to a person’s sex
19. A coenzyme required for metabolism of alcohol
20. A system for metabolizing drugs and alcohol