University of California, Berkeley - NST 10

NST 10: Spring 2017

Midterm 2 Wednesday, March 22 2017

1)Which of the following statements BEST describes the difference between glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?

1. 1. Ketogenic amino acids are produced through ketosis, while glucogenic amino acids are consumed through the diet.
   2. Ketogenic amino acids are a toxic byproduct of ketoacidosis, while glucogenic amino acids are consumed through the diet.
   3. Ketogenic amino acids are always essential, while glucogenic amino acids are not.
   4. Ketogenic amino acids can be converted to glucose if necessary, while glucogenic amino acids are made from glucose.
   5. Ketogenic amino acids can produce ketone bodies, while glucogenic amino acids can be converted to glucose if necessary.

2. True or False: The proportion of animal foods in the diet typically increases with economic development.
   1. True
   2. False

3. What is the purpose of transamination of amino acids?
   1. Produce essential amino acids
   2. Produce nonessential amino acids
   3. Digest polypeptides into amino acids
   4. Metabolize amino acids for energy
   5. Join amino acids together to form a polypeptide

4. What is/are NOT required for proper absorption of vitamin B₁₂?
   1. Intrinsic factor in a portion of the small intestine
   2. Hydrochloric acid in the stomach
   3. Transcobalamin in the circulatory system
   4. Sufficient folic acid in the diet
   5. All of the above are required for proper absorption of vitamin B₁₂.

5. The 1980 USDA Dietary Guidelines For Americans recommended a diet low in fat and cholesterol. Which of the following did NOT occur as a result?
   1. In some products, saturated fat was replaced with sugar.
   2. In some products, saturated fat was replaced with trans fat.
   3. Heart disease rates decreased.
   4. Heart disease rates continued to increase.
   5. Sugar consumption increased.

6. In a protein, amino acids are connected by_____________ _.
   1. Amino bonds
   2. Peptide bonds
   3. Phosphodiester bonds
   4. Disulfide bonds
   5. James bonds

7. Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between tryptophan and niacin?
   1. They compete for absorption, so they should not be consumed together.
   2. The presence of niacin increases absorption of tryptophan.
   3. Tryptophan can be converted to niacin and reduce the need to consume it.
   4. They may be prescribed together to treat high cholesterol.
   5. There is no known relationship between tryptophan and niacin.

8. Which of the following is NOT a necessary component of an individual’s or group’s food security?
   1. Reliable and consistent source of quality food
   2. Knowledge about how to choose and prepare healthy food
   3. Access to resources to buy or produce food
   4. Access to nutrition assistance programs
   5. Stable access to food over time

9. Which of the following health effects might result for a person who lacks food security?

1. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
2. Anxiety
3. Micronutrient deficiencies
4. Both b and c
5. All of the above

10. What is the primary reason why a second epidemic of scurvy occurred in the 19th century?

1. Dietary recommendations began to advise against excessive amounts of vitamin C.
2. Attempts to improve dietary hygiene drove people to boil more of their food, destroying its vitamin C.
3. The development of antibiotics destroyed bacteria that were required to make vitamin C in the body.
4. People began to reduce consumption of citrus in an attempt to reduce indigestion caused by excessive stomach acid.
5. The enrichment of grain products with synthetic folic acid impaired people’s absorption of vitamin C.

11. What might occur if one takes a quantity of vitamin C greater than the RDA?

1. Excessive amounts will be excreted.
2. Excessive amounts may cause intestinal discomfort.
3. Excessive amounts can be fatal.
4. Both a and b
5. All of the above

12. ___________ is a characteristic symptom of kwashiorkor that is not seen in marasmus.

1. Muscle wasting
2. Growth impairment
3. Blood in urine
4. Edema (swollen belly)
5. Hunger

13. What of the following is NOT a role(s) of folate in the body?

1. Amino acid metabolism
2. Synthesis of nucleotides involved in RNA and DNA synthesis
3. Methylation of DNA to regulate gene expression
4. Oxygen transportation
5. All of the above are roles of folate in the body.

14. Which of the following groups may require more protein than average, healthy adults?

1. The elderly
2. Infants
3. Burn victims
4. Pregnant women
5. All of the above

16_____________ is a disease caused PRIMARILY by sensitivity to gluten.

1. Scurvy
2. Kwashiorkor
3. Marasmus
4. Crohn’s Disease
5. Celiac Disease

17. Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide?

1. Glucose
2. Sucrose
3. Fructose
4. Galactose
5. All of the above are monosaccharides.

18. The anaerobic process that breaks down glucose into pyruvate and ATP is called_____________ _.

1. Digestion
2. Glycolysis
3. Electron transport chain
4. Krebs (TCA) cycle
5. None of the above

19. ___________ increases blood glucose levels while_______________ decreases blood glucose

levels.

1. Glucagon, insulin
2. Insulin, glucagon
3. Cholecystokinin, insulin
4. Trypsin, insulin
5. Trypsin, insulin

20. Which of the following foods has the HIGHEST content of omega-3 fatty acids?

1. Avocado
2. Coconut oil
3. Pork
4. Salmon
5. Olive oil

21. Which organ stores bile?

1. Liver
2. Pancreas
3. Small intestine
4. Large intestine
5. Gall bladder

22. Long chain free fatty acids are first converted to which kind of lipids before being packaged as chylomicrons?

1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Triglycerides (TAG)
4. Trans fatty acids
5. Saturated fatty acids

23. Lipoproteins help to transport lipids. Which type of lipoprotein is believed to be protective against cardiovascular disease?

1. Apolipoprotein
2. Very low density lipoprotein
3. Low density lipoprotein
4. High density lipoprotein
5. Chylomicron

24. Which disease is characterized by narrowing of blood vessels that supply blood to the heart and muscle?

1. Diabetes
2. Marasmus
3. Kwashiorkor
4. Celiac Disease
5. Atherosclerosis

25. Which nutrient is required for the complete breakdown of triglyceride (TAG) to carbon dioxide and water?

1. Protein
2. Vitamin C
3. Calcium
4. Carbohydrate
5. None of the above

26. During prolonged fasting, fatty acids will be mainly converted to which metabolite?

1. Pyruvate
2. Glutamine
3. Ketone bodies
4. Glycerol
5. Eicosanoids

27. Two fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphorous-containing molecule make up which lipid?

1. Phosphosaccharide
2. Triglycerides (TAG)
3. Eicosanoid
4. Phospholipid
5. Chylomicron

28. Cholesterol serves as a precursor for which hormone?

1. Insulin
2. Glucagon
3. Cholecystokinin
4. Lipase
5. Estrogen

29. Fatty acids require ___________ for emulsification and______________ for transport during

absorption.

1. Insulin, bile
2. Glucagon, bile
3. Bile, micelles
4. Lipase, insulin
5. Micelles, bile

30. Which of the following MUST be included on a supplement label, according to FDA’s requirements?

1. Ingredients list
2. Amount of ingredient present in each pill
3. Nutrient content claim
4. Health claim
5. Both a and b

31. In which of the following scenarios might it be appropriate to take a dietary supplement?

1. We should always take supplements just in case
2. If you are vegan and/or have other limited dietary patterns
3. If you have a micronutrient deficiency
4. Both b and c
5. To treat liver disease

32. How are RDAs for water-soluble vitamins developed?

1. They are based on the amount that remains after cooking in foods commonly found in healthy diets.
2. They represent amounts needed to prevent deficiency symptoms.
3. They indicate the amount that all individuals should take in supplement form.
4. They represent the threshold to which consumption should be limited to prevent toxicity.
5. They indicate the amount that should be prescribed to treat disease.

33. Which vitamin is a component of two coenzymes involved in oxidation-reduction reactions of metabolism?

1. Riboflavin (B₂)
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin K
4. Vitamin D
5. Vitamin E

34. Which water-soluble vitamin(s) is/are not associated with a deficiency disease?

1. Biotin
2. Folate
3. Pantothenic acid
4. Both a and c
5. Both b and c

35. What happens to the amino group when an amino acid is deaminated?

1. It goes directly to the bladder and is released in urine.
2. It forms ammonia and is then converted to urea in the kidneys.
3. It is metabolized for energy.
4. It continues through the gastrointestinal tract to be released with solid waste.
5. It can be absorbed through the lining of the small intestine.

36. Which of the following progressions correctly orders all of the steps necessary to make a protein from DNA, also referred to as the Central Dogma?

1. DNA is transcribed into mRNA and translated into a sequence of amino acids.
2. mRNA is transcribed into DNA and translated into a sequence of amino acids.
3. DNA is transcribed into amino acids that are translated into a sequence of mRNA.
4. Free amino acids join together to form a polypeptide chain.
5. Proteins can’t be made in the human body.

37. Which of the following situations might cause someone to be in negative nitrogen balance?

1. Fevers or infections
2. Inadequate protein intake
3. Pregnancy
4. Both a and b
5. All of the above

38. Which of the following described the earliest recorded observation of a thiamin deficiency?

1. Sailors were observed to have symptoms of scurvy, including lethargy and bleeding gums.
2. The presence of neural tube defects in babies born to mothers whose diets were deficient.
3. Populations that consumed polished rice exhibited impaired nervous function, muscle wasting, and edema.
4. Vegan populations exhibited cognitive impairment and fatigue.
5. Populations deficient in protein and based on corn exhibited dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea.

39. Why can megaloblastic anemia result from vitamin B₁₂ or folate deficiencies?

1. Impaired cell division of red blood cells leads to fewer but larger red blood cells.
2. Impaired division of red blood cells leads to small, nucleated cells that contain too much hemoglobin.
3. Red blood cell membranes are oxidized and destroyed too quickly.
4. Red blood cells lack nuclei and can’t produce hemoglobin.
5. Red blood cells are too small because they begin to divide before completely replicating.

40. Which of the following foods would likely NOT provide a good source of folate or folic acid?

1. Enriched juices
2. Raw spinach
3. Cooked spinach
4. Fortified cereal
5. All of the above should provide a good source of folate or folic acid.

41. Which of the following is NOT true about trans fats?

1. Trans fats are a type of saturated fat.
2. Trans fats decrease HDL.
3. Trans fats increase LDL.
4. Trans fats promote inflammation.
5. All of the above are true.

42. is a vitamin that is required for absorption of calcium.

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin D
4. Vitamin E
5. Vitamin K

43. is the primary nutrient involved in blood clotting.

1. Vitamin A
2. Vitamin C
3. Vitamin D
4. Vitamin E
5. Vitamin K

44. Vitamin A has several active forms. ____________ is involved in vision, while_____________ is

involved in gene regulation.

1. Retinal; retinoic acid
2. Retinoic acid; retinal
3. Retinol; retinal
4. Retinal; retinol
5. Retinoic acid; retinol

45. Vitamin A is stored primarily in the

1. Fat
2. Muscle
3. Liver
4. Pancreas
5. Kidneys

____________ .

46. Which of the following is NOT true about insoluble fiber?

1. It is insoluble in water.
2. It forms the bulk of your feces.
3. It forms a gel in water.
4. It typically comes from the cellulose in plant cell walls.
5. It is more commonly found in plant foods than in animal foods.