Louisiana State University - HIST 2055

Chapter 27 Republican Resurgence and Decline

TRUE/FALSE

1)With the Republicans in control of the federal government, progressivism disappeared in the 1920s.

2. As president, Warren Harding was actually more progressive than Woodrow Wilson in his attitudes and policies toward African Americans.

3. While Warren Harding presided over what can be argued as the most corrupt administration in Amer- ican history, he was never personally linked to any official wrongdoing.

4. The biggest scandal under President Hoover was the “Teapot Dome” affair of 1930.

5. Warren G. Harding was shot by the assassin Charles Guiteau.

6. Calvin Coolidge was notorious for his love of whiskey, poker, and women.

7. According to Calvin Coolidge, the president should passively defer to Congress.

8. Robert La Follette said, “The chief business of the American people is business.”

9. The federal government refused to assist the young aircraft industry in the 1920s.

10. By the mid-1920s, most Americans still could not afford to buy a Model T Ford.

11. One of the most important results of the automobile age was the discovery of California and Florida by American families.

12. “Parity,” as used in this chapter, refers to farm prices.

13. The Hawley-Smoot Tariff raised import duties to an all-time high.

14. In the 1920s, many investors bought stocks on margin, that is, with borrowed funds.

15. One major cause of the Depression was that workers’ wages were too high.

16. Herbert Hoover refused to involve the government in efforts to relieve the effects of economic depres- sion.

17. Although Herbert Hoover strictly resisted giving federal assistance directly to individuals, he did act- ively pursue avenues intended to put the nation’s economy on the path of recovery.

18. Businessmen flew “Hoover flags” to show their support for the president’s hands-off approach to the Depression.

19. Politically, Democrats suffered most from the stock market crash and the beginning of the Depression.

20. The “Bonus Expeditionary Force” was organized to secure the U.S.–Mexico border.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The progressive coalition that elected Woodrow Wilson president dissolved by 1920 for all the follow- ing reasons EXCEPT:
   1. many of the progressive reforms still seemed unattainable
   2. intellectuals became disillusioned because of the anti-evolution movement
   3. radicals and pacifists became disenchanted with America’s entrance into the Great War and the war’s aftermath
   4. the middle class became more interested in business than reform
   5. Prohibition was unpopular

2. The result in the presidential election of 1920 might be attributed to:
   1. the smear campaign directed against Democratic candidate A. Mitchell Palmer
   2. the fact that Americans in the 1920s were “tired of issues, sick at heart of ideals, and weary of being noble”
   3. southerners who expressed their displeasure at President Wilson’s policies by voting Re- publican
   4. the lack of women voters in the election
   5. the lack of African American voters in the election

3. The “Ohio gang”:
   1. rivaled Charlie Chaplin in box office receipts in the 1920s
   2. directed Herbert Hoover’s rise to the presidency
   3. was a group of angry young men in a short story by Sinclair Lewis about the consumer culture
   4. hosted the first national radio program
   5. was a group of President Harding’s friends who were named to political office

4. The tariff policy of the early 1920s:
   1. made it easier for other nations to sell to the United States
   2. made it harder for other nations to sell to the United States
   3. made it easier for other nations to repay their war debts
   4. led Americans to cut back on loans and investments abroad
   5. had virtually no effect on the average American, but significantly limited businesses

5. Harding’s secretary of the treasury:
   1. favored retaining the high wartime level of taxation in order to build up the public treasury
   2. favored a reduction of the high wartime level of taxation, but mainly for the rich
   3. favored a reduction of the high wartime level of taxation, but mainly for the poor and middle class
   4. persuaded Congress to drop the personal income tax instituted under Wilson
   5. supported the calling in of all loans to Europe

6. On the issue of regulating big business, President Harding:
   1. showed his support for regulation by pressuring Congress to pass stricter laws
   2. named conservative advocates of big business to head the Interstate Commerce Commis- sion and the Federal Trade Commission
   3. and his administration brought a record number of suits against corporations
   4. named Robert La Follette, a former leading progressive, to head a government commis- sion to investigate unfair business practices
   5. appointed former president William Howard Taft as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court

7. The biggest scandal of the Harding administration:
   1. led to an attempt to impeach Harding that fell just four votes short of success in the House

of Representatives

1. 2. concerned a corrupt U.S. customs official who had regularly allowed Chinese imports into the country duty-free
   3. was the impeachment of the attorney general for fraudulent handling of German assets seized after World War I
   4. was his fathering a child out of wedlock
   5. involved the leasing of government-owned oil deposits to private companies

8. John W. Davis:
   1. was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1924
   2. invented the radio
   3. starred in The Jazz Singer
   4. was the first head of the Federal Communications Commission
   5. was one of the first great liberal Democrats

9. Coolidge’s administration was marked by:
   1. a continuation of the post–World War I economic slump
   2. continued tax breaks for the lower and middle classes at the expense of the upper class
   3. prosperity
   4. the creation of the Internal Revenue and Tariff Commission, which drastically reformed taxation formulas and duty lists
   5. a slow economic downturn

10. The growing consumerism of the 1920s manifested itself in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
    1. passenger rail service
    2. automobiles
    3. radios
    4. home appliances
    5. motion pictures

11. The rise of the automobile did all of the following EXCEPT:

a. was aided by Henry Ford’s mass-production innovations

1. 6. encouraged the sprawl of suburbs
   7. quickened the good-roads movement
   8. opened Alaska to tourism
   1. sparked real-estate booms

12. As secretary of commerce, Herbert Hoover:
    1. endorsed strict laissez-faire policies to allow businesses to govern themselves
    2. supported the trade-association movement
    3. pushed for stricter regulation of big business in order to protect individual Americans
    4. spent most of his time preparing for a run at the presidency

1. 5. supported trust-busting legislation and Justice Department lawsuits

13. In the 1920s, farm prices:
    1. were subsidized by the federal government
    2. kept at their high wartime levels
    3. kept at their low wartime levels
    4. fell sharply
    5. rose sharply

14. One of the most significant economic and social developments of the early twentieth century was the development of the:
    1. airplane
    2. telephone
    3. television
    4. refrigerator
    5. automobile

15. The McNary-Haugen bill:
    1. called for dumping surplus crops on the world market in order to raise domestic prices
    2. failed to pass Congress in 1922 but passed in 1927 with the support of President Coolidge
    3. effectively raised domestic commodity prices
    4. was viewed with derision by American farmers
    5. is correctly represented by all the above statements

16. In “yellow-dog” contracts, employers:
    1. agreed to submit all grievances to an arbitration panel whose decision was binding
    2. forced workers to agree to stay out of unions
    3. agreed to hire only union workers
    4. forced workers to sign a statement that they would vote the Democratic ticket
    5. agreed to automatic wage increases in return for the workers’ promise not to strike

17. In the 1920s, labor unions:
    1. won a number of important victories in the Supreme Court
    2. gained about 1.5 million members
    3. lost about 1.5 million members
    4. were helped by the prosperity of the decade
    5. enjoyed the support of Republican presidents

18. Which of the following is NOT true of the “American plan” concept of employment?
    1. It originated in Chicago.
    2. It allowed employers to hire nonunion workers.
    3. It established open shops.

1. 4. It could be effectively used to discriminate against unions.
   5. It promised a more democratic work environment than most other shops.

19. In the 1928 presidential election, the Democrats nominated:
    1. Franklin D. Roosevelt
    2. Herbert Hoover
    3. Rex Tugwell
    4. Al Smith
    5. Harry Truman

20. Which of the following was NOT a cause of the Depression?
    1. The gold standard caused a tightening of currency supplies worldwide.
    2. Corporate structures had been bloated by the success of the 1920s but were unprepared for the tightening of the economy.
    3. Andrew Mellon was overconfident in the power of market capitalism to right itself.
    4. Much of the profits that had been taken during the 1920s had been put back into compan- ies rather than saved or invested in other ways.
    5. A decline in the public consumption of goods led to a lower rate of investment in new plants.

21. Part of the reason for the stock market crash was:
    1. the high rate of deflation in the 1920s
    2. the tax policies of the 1920s that hurt the wealthy, who might otherwise have bought more stocks
    3. the buying of great amounts of stock on margin
    4. the low tariff, which allowed imports to corner several important American markets
    5. the remarkably poor returns on government bonds in 1929

22. Calvin Coolidge derisively called President Hoover:
    1. “the best president money could buy”
    2. “a fool”
    3. “the best president in modern times”
    4. “a decent and honorable person”
    5. “Wonder Boy”

23. How many people were out of work in early 1933? a.      13,000

b. 130,000

3. 1.3 million
4. 13 million
5. 1.3 billion

24. Hoover’s early efforts to end the Depression included:
    1. cutbacks in public works, to shore up the public treasury
    2. a stricter credit policy by the Federal Reserve, to stop the flow of “easy money” available for speculation
    3. an increase in aid to farmers, to allow them to produce more
    4. asking businessmen to maintain wages and avoid layoffs, in order to keep purchasing power strong
    5. extending federal loans to individuals

25. In the elections of 1930:
    1. Herbert Hoover was soundly defeated by Franklin D. Roosevelt
    2. Herbert Hoover won a second term as president, but by a very small margin
    3. Republicans won a majority in the House of Representatives
    4. Democrats won a majority in the House of Representatives
    5. the House of Representatives, Senate, and presidency remained in the hands of the incum- bent parties

26. In 1931, just as economic indicators were beginning to rise:
    1. New York’s Chase Manhattan Bank closed, increasing investors’ panic and setting off runs on other banks
    2. Austria’s largest bank closed, triggering a panic that swept through Europe and caused European investors to withdraw their American gold and dump their American securities
    3. a drought in the Midwest caused crop failures that raised food prices and increased panic
    4. the tax increase of 1928 took effect, suddenly lessening the purchasing power of the aver- age consumer
    5. the stock market crashed again, this time with even more force than the 1929 collapse

27. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation:
    1. was created over Hoover’s veto
    2. did little to prevent bankruptcies
    3. was criticized for its alleged favoritism to farmers and workers
    4. was an initiative of Franklin Roosevelt as governor of New York
    5. offered emergency loans to banks, farm mortgage associations, building-and-loan societ- ies, and other such businesses

28. The federal Emergency Relief Act:
    1. gave direct aid to individuals suffering during the Depression
    2. refused to allow any state to give aid
    3. was passed only after the vice president broke a tie in the Senate
    4. avoided a direct dole to individuals
    5. provided state but not local aid

29. The “Bonus Expeditionary Force”:
    1. consisted of angry farmers who sometimes acted outside the law to prevent the foreclosure of mortgages on their farms
    2. toured the country to create support for the Communist party
    3. marched on Washington in an attempt to get immediate payment of a veterans’ bonus that Congress had approved in 1924
    4. was a special division within the army created to help local authorities deal with disturb- ances
    5. marched in protest of large dividends being paid to the wealthy by the federal government

30. In his 1920 campaign for president, Warren Harding said the country needed a return to:
    1. energetic government
    2. patriotism
    3. normalcy
    4. experimentation
    5. progressivism

31. Harding’s secretary of the treasury, who pushed tax cuts for the wealthy, was:
    1. Herbert Hoover
    2. Calvin Coolidge
    3. Charles Evans Hughes
    4. Albert Fall
    5. Andrew Mellon

32. Harding’s administration is most remembered for:
    1. the fact that he died while in office
    2. the poor state of the economy while he was president
    3. his promotion of the arts and culture
    4. the scandals that plagued it
    5. its overwhelming popularity with the American people

33. Robert La Follette’s 1924 presidential campaign:
    1. was supported by the Socialists and organized labor
    2. resulted in one of the best third-party showings in history
    3. was as the candidate for the Progressive party
    4. is correctly represented by all of the above statements
    5. is represented by none of the above statements

34. In the 1920s, home entertainment was bolstered by the spectacular growth of:
    1. radio

1. 2. television
   3. personal computers
   4. tape recorders
   5. automobiles

35. Charles Lindbergh became immensely popular in the 1920s due to:
    1. his invention of the airplane
    2. his solo flight from New York to California
    3. disappearing during his attempt to fly around the world
    4. his automotive speed records
    5. his solo flight across the Atlantic

36. Which of the following is NOT true of the Gastonia strike of 1929?
    1. It involved textile workers in North Carolin
    2. Communists were active leaders in the strike and in the union.
    3. Violence resulted in at least two deaths.
    4. The strikers won higher pay and union recognition.
    5. It resulted in the acceptance of unionism throughout the South.

37. Democratic presidential nominee Al Smith was hurt in 1928 by the fact that he was:
    1. a New Yorker and a Catholic
    2. a boring public speaker
    3. a member of the Ku Klux Klan
    4. a supporter of Prohibition
    5. an actor

38. In 1926, one warning sign for the economy surfaced when a real estate boom collapsed in:
    1. California
    2. Florida
    3. Texas
    4. Colorado
    5. France

39. In response to the Bonus Army marchers, Herbert Hoover:
    1. got Congress to approve immediate payment of their bonuses
    2. put them to work building schools and roads
    3. sent the U.S. Army to evict them from their Hooverville
    4. promised them that prosperity was just around the corner
    5. met with them personally at the White House to hear their concerns

40. Which of the members of Harding’s cabinet was jailed for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal?

1. 1. Charles Evans Hughes
   2. Andrew Mellon
   3. Henry Wallace
   4. Calvin Coolidge
   5. Albert Fall

41. Despite the many well-founded criticisms of Warren Harding as president, he was a visionary for his era in the field of:
    1. civil rights
    2. economic development
    3. government oversight
    4. business regulation
    5. bank development

42. Which of the following was NOT part of Warren Harding’s presidency?
    1. increasing tariff levels
    2. lowering taxes for the wealthy
    3. supporting progressive legislation
    4. rolling back governmental oversight of business
    5. the Veterans Bureau scandal

43. Of the following presidents, which tied government and business closer together than at any other time in the twentieth century?
    1. Warren Harding
    2. Calvin Coolidge
    3. Herbert Hoover
    4. Franklin Roosevelt
    5. Woodrow Wilson

44. Which of the following is NOT true of the McNary-Haugen plan?
    1. It drew the rural South and West together in defense of agriculture.
    2. It was passed by both houses of Congress, but vetoed by President Coolidge.
    3. It promised to export agricultural surpluses internationally in order to stabilize the domest- ic farm market.
    4. It was supported by Coolidge as a way to empower farmers.
    5. It was intended to raise domestic farm prices.

45. “Yellow-dog” contracts:
    1. were used by employers to restrict union membership
    2. required membership in a labor union in order to work in certain trades
    3. enforced the idea of an open shop
    4. restricted the ability of a company to control its workers
    5. increased union membership by millions

46. The Gastonia strike of 1929 resulted in:
    1. a general weakening of anti-union forces
    2. ongoing frustration between the workers and management of Loray Mill
    3. the violent crushing of the strike by the National Guard
    4. an era of strong labor unions
    5. the deaths of dozens of women and children

47. As secretary of commerce under Coolidge, Herbert Hoover’s priority was the trade-association move- ment, about which all of the following are true EXCEPT that it:
    1. gave business leaders an opportunity to share information
    2. allowed businessmen to more accurately foresee developments
    3. allowed for price fixing among companies
    4. was upheld by the Supreme Court in 1925
    5. successfully blocked all monopolistic practices

48. Of all the causes of the stock market crash of October 1929, the greatest culprit was:
    1. Hoover’s tax policies
    2. the weak foundation of the 1920s economy
    3. international monetary policy
    4. unethical practices on Wall Street
    5. union influences on business

49. Herbert Hoover, while attempting to shore up the economy through economic policy, considered

                                  to be the thing Americans needed most at the time.

1. 1. cash
   2. food
   3. welfare
   4. confidence
   5. private investment

50. In the 1924 presidential election:
    1. Robert M. La Follette barely won the nomination of a faction-ridden Republican party
    2. the Democratic candidate almost upset the Republican candidate
    3. Calvin Coolidge swept both the popular and electoral votes by decisive majorities
    4. A. Mitchell Palmer was the Democratic candidate
    5. Herbert Hoover challenged Coolidge for the Republican nomination

MATCHING