Louisiana State University - HIST 2055

Chapter 12 The Dynamics of Growth

TRUE/FALSE

1)As late as 1860, three fourths of the American people lived within twenty-five miles of the Atlantic Ocean.

2. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin on a plantation in Georgia.

3. Before 1845, steamboats were used more for transportation on the ocean than on internal waterways.

4. By the 1850s, trains traveled an average of forty miles an hour.

5. The United States had caught up with Britain’s textile production by 1815.

6. One advantage of New England for manufacturing was a river system that provided power and trans- portation.

7. Church attendance and temperance were enforced among early workers at Lowell.

8. Theater-goers in the antebellum period often hurled insults and objects at performers.

9. The greatest proportionate influx of immigrants in the history of the United States came in the 1820s.

10. Because they too had suffered discrimination, Irish immigrants tended to be sympathetic to blacks.

11. Irish immigrants to the United States tended to join the Republican Party.

12. Most of the growth of the Catholic Church in America in the mid–nineteenth century can be attributed to immigration from Ireland.

13. Chinese immigrants to the United States often did the heavy work of construction.

14. The American party was based on nativism.

15. Despite the rhetoric of the era, the Jacksonian period was actually marked by rising economic and so- cial inequality.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The cotton gin:
   1. made possible efficient separation of seeds from fiber
   2. was an engine that manufactured cloth
   3. made the South the wealthiest part of the country
   4. had no significant effect on the North’s economy
   5. resulted from a government bounty paid to its inventor

2. The cotton gin was invented:
   1. by John Deere
   2. by John Oliver
   3. in England
   4. in the 1830s
   5. by Eli Whitney

3. The cotton gin’s invention:
   1. meant that fewer slaves were needed
   2. made cotton a major export item
   3. spurred immigration to the South
   4. caused slavery to spread to Ohio and Illinois
   5. increased imports from Britain

4. All of the following encouraged migration to the West EXCEPT:
   1. cheaper prices for federal lands
   2. fertile soil
   3. advances in agricultural technology
   4. easy credit from state banks
   5. construction of numerous frontier forts

5. The Preemption Act of 1830:
   1. gradually raised the price of unsold public lands
   2. allowed squatters to stake out claims ahead of the land surveys
   3. limited the amount of cotton exported per year
   4. set guidelines for the construction of new roads
   5. gave veterans lands taken away from Indians

6. The settlement of the West was accelerated by Cyrus McCormick’s invention of the:
   1. steel plow
   2. grain elevator
   3. mechanic reaper
   4. chainsaw
   5. tractor

7. Cyrus McCormick’s grain reapers:
   1. transformed the economy of the South
   2. guaranteed that farmers would be successful
   3. were powered by gasoline engines
   4. were manufactured at his factory in Chicago
   5. had to be assembled by farmers

8. Steamboats:
   1. were commercially profitable by the 1790s
   2. generally had at least twelve-foot drafts
   3. brought cheaper and faster two-way traffic to the Mississippi Valley
   4. were usually built of steel
   5. soon made railroads obsolete

9. By the 1830s, most western products reached New Orleans by:
   1. steamboat
   2. flatboat
   3. mule train
   4. wagon
   5. railroad

10. By the 1820s, the fastest way to travel from New Orleans to Pittsburgh was by:
    1. steamboat

1. 2. stagecoach
   3. railroad
   4. flatboat
   5. horseback

11. The Erie Canal did all of the following EXCEPT:
    1. stretch from Albany to Buffalo
    2. dramatically reduce freight rates
    3. inspire more canal construction
    4. increase shipping through the port of New York
    5. bankrupt New York State with its huge cost

12. All of the following were true of the trains in use by the 1850s EXCEPT:
    1. they were much faster than stagecoaches and steamboats
    2. they spurred iron production
    3. they reduced transportation costs
    4. they encouraged further expansion of farming
    5. they could only operate in warm-weather months

13. The advantage clipper ships had over traditional merchant vessels was their:
    1. greater cargo space
    2. speed
    3. ability to sail up rivers
    4. comfort for passengers
    5. durability

14. By the 1850s, railroads had begun to receive encouragement from the federal government in the form of:
    1. military protection
    2. monetary backing
    3. a ban on further canal construction
    4. advertising
    5. land grants

15. By the 1840s, a communications revolution had been triggered by the development of the:
    1. telephone
    2. telegraph
    3. Pony Express
    4. railroad
    5. post office

16. Jefferson’s embargo in 1807 and the War of 1812:
    1. almost destroyed American manufacturing
    2. had little effect on the growth of textile manufacturing in America
    3. encouraged rapid growth in American manufacturing
    4. restricted exports and thereby hurt the growth of American manufacturing
    5. encouraged Americans to live more simply because consumer goods were scarce

17. The first American factories produced:
    1. cotton textiles
    2. leather goods
    3. tobacco products
    4. glass products
    5. muskets

18. Samuel Slater’s contribution to the economy was that he:
    1. invented the steam engine
    2. was the first to employ child labor
    3. opened a successful textile mill in Rhode Island
    4. started the Industrial Revolution in England before he moved to the United States
    5. convinced President Jefferson of the benefits of manufacturing

19. The textile plant established in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1813:
    1. manufactured finished cloth
    2. was owned by the state government
    3. was destroyed by the British in the War of 1812
    4. closed because of the panic of 1819
    5. manufactured thread, which it then sold to weavers

20. One striking aspect of the Lowell factories was:
    1. the happiness of their workers
    2. their employment of young single women
    3. the superior quality of their products
    4. their minimal impact on natural surroundings
    5. that they paid workers in stocks

21. The Rhode Island or Fall River systems differed from that of Lowell in that:
    1. workers were allowed to unionize
    2. hours were shorter

1. 3. employers were all-powerful
   4. whole families were often employed
   5. not just textiles were manufactured

22. The New England textile industry’s use of water power:
    1. dramatically altered the region’s ecology
    2. made its products more expensive
    3. was never a source of controversy
    4. largely ended by 1850 as factories switched to steam power
    5. dried up some rivers completely

23. By the early 1800s, the five largest American cities were all major:
    1. military centers
    2. seaports
    3. iron-producing centers
    4. cotton exporters
    5. state capitals

24. By 1860,                  had become the largest city as its population surpassed one million.
    1. Boston
    2. Philadelphia
    3. Baltimore
    4. New Orleans
    5. New York

25. The most popular form of indoor entertainment in the first half of the nineteenth century was:
    1. theater
    2. cockfighting
    3. prizefighting
    4. dog fighting
    5. ballet

26. Which of the following is NOT true of boxing in the antebellum era?
    1. Fighters used bare knuckles.
    2. The sport was imported from Britain.
    3. Some bouts resulted in a fatality.
    4. It was strictly entertainment for the lower classes.
    5. Fighters were often from Ireland or England.

27. In the antebellum era, prizefights lasted:

1. 1. a set number of rounds
   2. as long as the crowd demanded
   3. until one fighter could not continue
   4. a set number of minutes
   5. until one fighter drew blood on the other

28. Antebellum minstrel shows:
    1. might have featured the songs of Stephen Foster
    2. featured black performers made up as whites
    3. used standard orchestral instrumentation
    4. were a cultural import from Britain
    5. featured highbrow humor

29. Minstrel shows:
    1. were usually performed in saloons
    2. appealed primarily to elite audiences
    3. featured professional productions of Shakespeare
    4. helped whites become more racially tolerant
    5. employed familiar stereotypes of African Americans

30. In antebellum theaters, audiences:
    1. quietly watched performances
    2. were an equal mix of men and women
    3. preferred patriotic dramas to comedies
    4. were not capable of judging the quality of the acting
    5. responded vocally to the quality of performances

31. The major impetus for the huge Irish immigration to the United States after 1845 was:
    1. religious freedom in the United States
    2. an abundance of cheap land
    3. high wages in factories
    4. a deadly potato famine
    5. hatred of British rule in Ireland

32. Anti-Irish prejudice was especially based upon:
    1. fear of growing Catholic influence
    2. Irish sympathy for black equality
    3. Irish support for trade unions
    4. jealousy over the fact that so many Irish were well educated
    5. competition for housing in industrial cities

33. In terms of political behavior, the Irish:

1. 1. seldom voted
   2. generally supported Democrats
   3. idolized John Quincy Adams
   4. started a new party for immigrants
   5. were easily manipulated into voting against their interests

34. The Germans who came to the United States:
    1. were overwhelmingly Catholic
    2. were poor and uneducated
    3. settled mainly in rural areas
    4. were highly individualistic
    5. for religious reasons, did not drink beer

35. By 1860, one would be most likely to encounter Norwegian and Swedish immigrants in:
    1. New York and New Jersey
    2. Ohio and Pennsylvania
    3. California and Oregon
    4. Wisconsin and Minnesota
    5. Texas and Louisiana

36. German immigrants in the 1850s:
    1. were mostly poor and nonreligious
    2. almost never returned to their native country
    3. tended to come as groups and families
    4. usually spoke English already
    5. were not the target of the nativists

37. The German migration to the United States:
    1. included few educated professionals or skilled workers
    2. peaked in 1831
    3. was in most respects similar to that of the Irish
    4. often ended in St. Louis, San Antonio, or Milwaukee
    5. provoked race riots in several cities

38. The largest group of immigrants living in America in 1860 was:
    1. British
    2. Chinese
    3. Irish
    4. Scandinavian
    5. German

39. Lyman Beecher’s anti-Catholic sermons in 1834:
    1. were met with great praise throughout the United States
    2. provoked mob attacks on many churches in New York
    3. provoked a mob to attack the Ursuline Convent in Charlestown, Massachusetts
    4. were endorsed by Congress
    5. caused the northern and southern Baptists to reunite

40. The Know-Nothing party:
    1. was established in the 1850s
    2. was weakest in New England
    3. was based on prejudice against blacks
    4. opposed the spread of public education
    5. is correctly represented by all the above statements

41. The Know-Nothings proposed to:
    1. send immigrants back to Europe
    2. ban the use of all languages except English
    3. lengthen the time required to become a citizen
    4. stop all immigration
    5. build a fence along U.S. borders

42. The Know-Nothings campaigned primarily to:
    1. cut taxes
    2. establish public schools
    3. promote Christianity
    4. prohibit drinking
    5. limit immigrant influence

43. Trade associations, or guilds, formed by artisans in the early 1800s attempted to do all the following EXCEPT:
    1. recruit unskilled workers
    2. improve working conditions
    3. influence politicians to support protective tariffs
    4. uphold standards of quality production
    5. maintain decent wage levels

44. In the case of Commonwealth v. Hunt, the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that:

1. 1. immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were constitutional
   2. immigration quotas established in the late 1830s were unconstitutional
   3. forming a trade union was illegal
   4. forming a trade union was not illegal
   5. employers could not hire strikebreakers

45. The various Workingmen’s parties failed for all the following reasons EXCEPT:
    1. major parties took over their issues
    2. labor politicians were inexperienced
    3. they were vulnerable to charges of radicalism
    4. most workers had no serious problems
    5. courts were often pro-management

46. A radical wing of the Jackson Democratic Party was also known as:
    1. the Locofocos
    2. Tammany Hall
    3. the National Trades’ Union
    4. the Industrial Workers of the World
    5. the Sons of the Revolution

47. A large strike led by Massachusetts shoemakers in early 1860:
    1. caused unions to be outlawed
    2. won higher wages and union recognition
    3. shut down the North’s whole economy
    4. resulted in widespread property destruction
    5. showed the continuing weakness of unions

48. Physicians in the early 1800s:
    1. were required to go to medical school
    2. were closely regulated by the government
    3. included very few women
    4. were experts in modern medical science
    5. provided roughly the same services as nurses

49. The newest and fastest-growing profession in the United States by 1860 was:
    1. teaching
    2. medicine
    3. the law
    4. nursing
    5. engineering