Louisiana State University - HIST 2055

Chapter 11 The Jacksonian Impulse

TRUE/FALSE

1)Jacksonians believed in equality of opportunity rather than equality of result.

2. Martin Van Buren was a native of North Carolina and had served two terms as that state’s governor.

3. John C. Calhoun was born in South Carolina.

4. The Tariff of 1828 was also known as the “tariff of abominations.”

5. In the midst of the nullification crisis, John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president.

6. Henry Clay was Andrew Jackson’s second vice president.

7. President Jackson’s response to the nullification crisis was to ask Congress to raise the tariff.

8. Osceola led the Seminole resistance to their removal from their lands.

9. The Cherokee Indians were forced westward on the route that came to be known as the Trail of Tears.

10. The Distribution Act provided for each veteran of the War of 1812 to receive 360 acres of land in the West.

11. During Jackson’s presidency, the national debt grew smaller until it was paid off entirely in 1835.

12. Most Whigs were states’ rights advocates.

13. Martin Van Buren opposed the establishment of an independent Treasury.

14. The Whig presidential candidate in 1840, William Henry Harrison, was born in a log cabin.

15. Jacksonian democracy involved the extension of voting rights to blacks, Indians, and women.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. All of the following characterized the United States by the time of Andrew Jackson’s election EX- CEPT:
   1. dramatic population growth, especially in urban areas
   2. increasing production for a national rather than a local market
   3. an increasing number of wage laborers toiling in factories
   4. a dynamic economy absent of panics or depressions
   5. greater regional specialization in terms of production

2. The Jacksonian concept of equality was a belief that:
   1. social distinctions should be abolished
   2. people should not be addressed by formal titles
   3. everyone should have roughly the same amount of money
   4. everyone should have an equal chance to succeed
   5. there were few meaningful differences in people’s abilities

3. Before he became president, Andrew Jackson:
   1. killed a man in a duel
   2. was a popular general
   3. fought the British in the Revolution
   4. had experienced youthful poverty
   5. all of the above

4. Andrew Jackson’s soldiers nicknamed him:
   1. Indian Killer
   2. Honest Jack
   3. the Little Magician
   4. Old Hickory
   5. Stonewall

5. Thomas Jefferson considered Andrew Jackson unfit for the presidency due to his:
   1. treatment of Indians
   2. violent temperament
   3. lack of education
   4. aristocratic status
   5. military background

6. Andrew Jackson was a true Jeffersonian in his:
   1. elitism
   2. support for a national bank
   3. opposition to slavery
   4. religious faith
   5. belief in limited government

7. The Peggy Eaton affair revealed:
   1. Jackson’s insensitivity toward women
   2. Jackson’s tendency to favor Calhoun over Van Buren
   3. the destructive gossip of the Washington social scene
   4. Jackson’s willingness to take the political advice of women
   5. the increasing equality of women

8. As a result of the Eaton affair, President Jackson:
   1. drew closer to John C. Calhoun
   2. drew closer to Martin Van Buren
   3. began to distrust Martin Van Buren
   4. began to distrust John Eaton
   5. became less sympathetic toward women

9. Jackson’s veto of the Maysville Road bill demonstrated his:
   1. belief that the federal government should not fund purely local projects
   2. belief that the federal government should assist states with internal improvements projects
   3. tremendous respect for Henry Clay
   4. initial support for John C. Calhoun’s policies
   5. lack of interest in western economic development

10. The proposed Maysville Road:
    1. would be entirely in Kentucky
    2. revealed Jackson’s consistent opposition to road building

1. 3. spurred the rise of a western textile industry
   4. was clearly permissible under the Constitution
   5. was opposed by Calhoun and Clay

11. Despite the fact that Andrew Jackson continually opposed federal aid to local projects, he did support:
    1. the national bank
    2. all of the Supreme Court’s decisions
    3. interstate projects such as the National Road
    4. federal programs to help the poor
    5. increased spending that would enlarge the national debt

12. By the 1820s, South Carolina:
    1. sought federal support for railroad construction
    2. was dominated by non–slave-holding farmers
    3. had experienced a bloody slave revolt led by Denmark Vesey
    4. was booming in population
    5. was experiencing agricultural depression

13. Calhoun’s South Carolina Exposition and Protest:
    1. powerfully defended slavery
    2. argued that states could nullify federal legislation
    3. announced Calhoun’s resignation as vice president
    4. showed that Calhoun no longer supported the union
    5. protested Jackson’s excessive use of power

14. The Webster-Hayne debate is best remembered for:
    1. its ultimate effect on federal land policy
    2. Hayne’s outspoken defense of slavery
    3. Webster’s eloquent defense of the union
    4. the riot it provoked on the floor of the Senate
    5. its negative effect on Jackson’s popularity

15. In the Webster-Hayne Debate, Robert Y. Hayne argued that:
    1. within its jurisdiction the Supreme Court’s authority was “full and complete”
    2. the Union was created by a compact of the states
    3. Congress had no right to pass tariffs to raise revenue
    4. the northern and southern states had to unite against the West on issues involving public lands
    5. slavery was divinely approved

16. Jackson declared his opposition to nullification:
    1. in a series of newspaper articles
    2. during a dramatic speech to Congress
    3. in a meeting with his cabinet
    4. only in private conversations
    5. in his toast at a Jefferson Day dinner

17. Tariffs passed by Congress in 1830 and 1832:
    1. lowered duties on some items
    2. were vetoed by Jackson
    3. ended talk of nullification
    4. were intended strictly to raise revenue
    5. were ruled constitutional by the Supreme Court

18. How many states joined South Carolina in repudiating the tariff acts of 1828 and 1832?
    1. none
    2. two southern states and one northern state
    3. three northern states and one southern state
    4. five states, all in the South
    5. only Virginia and Kentucky

19. In response to South Carolina’s tariff nullification, Jackson:
    1. said South Carolina was free to leave the union
    2. threatened to hang Calhoun
    3. backed down by telling Congress to repeal the tariff
    4. was unusually indecisive
    5. declared South Carolina in a state of rebellion

20. The compromise tariff that ended the nullification crisis was authored by:
    1. Martin Van Buren
    2. Thomas Hart Benton
    3. Henry Clay
    4. John C. Calhoun
    5. Daniel Webster

21. President Jackson’s policy toward Indians could best be described as one of:
    1. extermination
    2. salutary neglect
    3. integration into white society
    4. removal to lands west of the Mississippi

1. 5. paternalistic sympathy

22. The Indian chief who resisted federal policy in Illinois and Wisconsin was:
    1. Osceola
    2. Tecumseh
    3. Hiawatha
    4. Black Hawk
    5. Sitting Bull

23. The Indian Removal Act of 1830:
    1. allowed Indians who wished to become American citizens to remain on their homeland
    2. became law after Congress overrode Jackson’s veto
    3. proposed moving Indian tribes to areas west of the Mississippi River
    4. contained loopholes designed to exclude peaceful Indians from removal
    5. showed Jackson’s willingness to pursue policies that might hurt his popularity

24. President Jackson’s attitude toward the Supreme Court’s decision in Worcester v. Georgia was:
    1. elation
    2. sadness
    3. acquiescence
    4. defiance
    5. nonconcern

25. In Worcester v. Georgia, the Marshall court:
    1. backed states’ rights over federal authority
    2. forced Jackson to protect Cherokee land titles
    3. supported Georgia’s control of all lands in its boundaries
    4. ordered the relocation of the Cherokees to the West
    5. took the side of the Cherokees

26. The Trail of Tears resulted in:
    1. a sad, but uneventful transfer of Indians to Oklahoma
    2. the death of thousands of Indians
    3. Jackson’s change of heart about Indian removal
    4. the complete eradication of the Creeks and Seminoles
    5. Jackson’s diminished popularity in the South and West

27. In regard to banks and banking policy, Jackson:
    1. wanted to abolish all banks
    2. supported banks if strictly regulated by the government

1. 3. much preferred hard money to paper currency
   4. gave banks credit for the economy’s expansion
   5. believed banks had made credit too available

28. Jackson viewed the Bank of the United States as:
    1. a valued source of credit for small farmers
    2. a “monster” that served the interests of a wealthy few
    3. necessary for issuing paper money that stabilized the economy
    4. justified by the “necessary and proper” clause of the Constitution
    5. a source of national unity because it served the whole country

29. When Congress rechartered the Bank of the United States in 1832:
    1. the economy went into a depression
    2. Jackson made Nicholas Biddle its new director
    3. Western farmers revolted in anger
    4. Jackson vetoed the recharter
    5. Jackson announced plans to nationalize it

30. The Anti-Masonic party was the first to:
    1. nominate a Catholic for president
    2. endorse violence as a legitimate political tactic
    3. carry several states in its first election
    4. call for a total halt to immigration
    5. hold a national nomination convention

31. By the 1832 election, the Jacksonians had become known as the:
    1. Unionists
    2. National Republicans
    3. Anti-Federalists
    4. Whigs
    5. Democrats

32. After his reelection, Jackson moved to destroy the Bank of the United States by:
    1. firing its director
    2. withdrawing its federal deposits
    3. getting the Supreme Court to declare it unconstitutional
    4. selling its stock to private investors
    5. opening new state banks

33. As a result of Jackson’s bank policies:
    1. sales of public land instantly declined
    2. banks printed new bank notes with abandon

1. 3. worried investors pulled out of risky projects
   4. many common men opened their own banks
   5. the Supreme Court declared his actions unconstitutional

34. Pet banks were:
    1. state banks that received federal government deposits
    2. allowed to issue notes that were not covered by specie reserves
    3. those established by Jackson’s executive order in 1829
    4. chartered in 1832 for the express purpose of handling foreign investments
    5. banks owned by Jackson’s biggest political cronies

35. The Specie Circular:
    1. paid off the national debt
    2. gave excess federal money to the states
    3. required gold or silver payment for public lands
    4. outlawed paper currency
    5. stabilized the economy for the rest of the 1830s

36. Jackson’s opponents called themselves Whigs to:
    1. express their admiration for the British political system
    2. state their belief in complete human freedom
    3. confuse voters about their true political objectives
    4. denounce what they saw as Jackson’s tyrannical qualities
    5. distinguish themselves from the National Republicans

37. The one thing that united all members of the new Whig party was opposition to:
    1. the Bank of the United States
    2. Andrew Jackson
    3. internal improvements
    4. high protective tariffs
    5. money backed by gold and silver

38. Least likely to become Whigs would be:
    1. admirers of Henry Clay
    2. economic nationalists
    3. social reformers such as abolitionists
    4. southern planters
    5. German and Irish Catholics

39. All of the following were prominent Whig politicians EXCEPT:
    1. Martin Van Buren
    2. Henry Clay
    3. Daniel Webster
    4. William Henry Harrison
    5. John Tyler

40. All of the following were presidential candidates in 1836 EXCEPT:
    1. Daniel Webster
    2. Martin Van Buren
    3. Hugh Lawson White
    4. William Henry Harrison
    5. Andrew Jackson

41. Martin Van Buren was known as the Little Magician due to his:
    1. miraculous election as president in 1836
    2. skill as a professional politician
    3. ability to get the country out of a depression
    4. success in building the Whig coalition
    5. seeming ability to read the mind of Jackson

42. After the panic of 1837, working-class Americans could expect all of the following EXCEPT:
    1. government assistance
    2. massive joblessness
    3. wage cuts
    4. high prices for food and clothes
    5. numerous bank failures

43. All of the following factors contributed to the panic of 1837 EXCEPT the:
    1. withdrawal of European investments
    2. failure of the 1836 wheat crop
    3. tariff of 1835, which had lowered duties to dangerous levels
    4. depression in Britain
    5. wave of failures of state banks

44. The Independent Treasury Act provoked opposition from:
    1. Whigs and conservative Democrats
    2. National Republicans and Whigs
    3. moderate Democrats and Whigs
    4. liberal Democrats and Whigs
    5. Van Buren Democrats

45. In 1840, the Whigs:
    1. feared splitting their party and hence had no platform
    2. nominated Winfield Scott for president
    3. campaigned for a program of economic nationalism
    4. tried to play down their candidate’s war record
    5. aimed their appeal at elite voters

46. In the 1840 campaign, the Whigs:
    1. nominated Henry Clay
    2. explained in detail how they would fight the depression
    3. claimed their candidate was born in a log cabin
    4. lost in a close election
    5. failed to use campaign techniques like those of the Democrats

47. William Henry Harrison:
    1. was a leader of the states’ rights wing of the Whigs
    2. was known as the Little Magician
    3. had defeated the Shawnees at Tippecanoe
    4. directed the Bank of the United States until Jackson destroyed it
    5. like Jackson, was born in frontier poverty

48. According to the “progressive” historians, Jackson:
    1. led a vast democratic movement against the abuses of the “Monster” bank
    2. promoted democratic reforms only for political expediency
    3. caused a decline in voter turnout during the 1830s by his lack of concern for issues touch- ing the daily lives of the common man
    4. supported the national bank and federal aid to internal improvements because he stood to benefit financially from them
    5. unsurprisingly supported elite interests, since he was himself a man of great wealth

49. One undebatable fact about the Jacksonian era is:
    1. Jackson’s sincere commitment to equality for all Americans
    2. the wisdom of Jackson’s destruction of the “Monster” bank
    3. Jackson’s place as one of the greatest presidents in American history
    4. the dramatic increase in voter participation by 1840
    5. the degree that common men lessened the power of elites

50. The irony of Jackson’s political philosophy is that:
    1. the special privileges he urged for in business led to wide-scale abuse