Homework answers / question archive / University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley - SOCIOLOGY 1301 CHAPTER 10: Ethnicity and Race MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)The term that describes cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart is: a

University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley - SOCIOLOGY 1301 CHAPTER 10: Ethnicity and Race MULTIPLE CHOICE 1)The term that describes cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart is: a

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University of Texas, Rio Grande Valley - SOCIOLOGY 1301

CHAPTER 10: Ethnicity and Race

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1)The term that describes cultural practices and outlooks of a given community that have emerged historically and tend to set people apart is:

a.         ethnicity.			c.	race.
b.         ethnocentrism.			d.	racism.

2. Jody is a white woman who has Irish ancestry on her father’s side and enjoys celebrating St. Patrick’s Day in her hometown of Boston. In most aspects of Jody’s life, however, being Irish American has no meaningful impact on her day-to-day life. This example illustrates that:
   1. ethnicity has become less important in the United States.
   2. tension between racial and ethnic groups has declined over time.
   3. whites in the United States have a choice of whether or not to be ethnic.
   4. pluralism is growing in the United States.
3. The term that describes the differences in human physical characteristics arbitrarily used to categorize large numbers of diverse individuals is:
   1. ethnicity.     c.         race.
   2. ethnocentrism.       d.         racism.

 

 

4. According to the textbook, which of the following statements concerning race is true?
   1. Race can be understood as a classification system that assigns individuals and groups to categories that are ranked or hierarchical.
   2. There are clear-cut physical differences between races.
   3. The genetic diversity between races is greater than the genetic diversity within them.
   4. Race as a social construct is no longer important.

 

5. In 1735, Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus grouped human beings into four basic categories—

Europaeus, Americanus, Asiaticus, and Africanus. His assumption about these four groups was that:

1. 1. they had developed cultural differences but were essentially very similar.
   2. they had innate qualities that were different but that could be modified through socialization.
   3. their different cultural practices eventually produced physical differences.
   4. they had innate qualities that were different and unable to be altered.

 

6. From the fifteenth century onward, as Europeans came into increased contact with people from different regions of the world, they attempted to categorize these people based on their physical attributes. These categories (which did not previously exist) became the basis of systems that shaped and constrained the people’s daily lives. This is an example of:

1. aggregation.           c.         racialization.
2. eugenics.     d.         generalization.

 

7. Consider a society that enacts legislation that only allows members of a particular racial group to hold public office; this system further solidifies the categorization of people into distinct groups.  This would be an example of:
   1. racialization.           c.         ethnicity.
   2. nationalism.            d.         prejudice.
8. The attribution of characteristics of superiority or inferiority to a population sharing certain physically inherited characteristics is known as:
   1. racism.        c.         relativism.
   2. antiracism.  d.         nativism.
9. In order to justify the institution of slavery, beliefs about the inferiority of enslaved people from Africa were developed and persisted after American slavery was abolished. This fits most closely with which of the following statements about racism?
   1. Racism is a form of prejudice focusing on cultural differences between people.
   2. Racist attitudes became entrenched during the period of Western colonial expansion.
   3. Racist attitudes are found in all human societies because humans are designed to notice and dislike people who are different.
   4. Racism resides in the individual conscience only.
10. Many activists argue that “stop and frisk” policing tactics disproportionately profile men of color because over 80 percent of those stopped are African American and Latino. According to these activists, this practice is an example of:

 

10. 1. interpersonal racism.         c.         racialization.
    2. institutional racism.            d.         ethnicity.
11. Soo Young is a fashion model who has difficulty getting work in the international modeling industry because of an industry-wide bias against fashion models who appear to be of non-European ancestry. This is an example of:
    1. interpersonal racism.         c.         multiculturalism.
    2. institutional racism.            d.         scapegoating.
12. Joan believes that most drug dealers are black. She continues to hold this belief even though she read in the newspaper that more whites sell drugs than blacks. Joan’s attitude is an example of:
    1. prejudice.    c.         segregation.
    2. discrimination.        d.         institutional racism.
13. Although Scott, an African American, was more qualified than Bernardo, a Hispanic American, Bernardo was hired instead of Scott because the owner believed that Hispanic Americans are better workers than African Americans. Denying Scott the job is an example of:
    1. prejudice.    c.         projection.
    2. discrimination.        d.         institutional racism.
14. A white couple does not hold prejudicial attitudes about black people. However, they steer away from purchasing a home in a predominantly black neighborhood because they are worried about declining property value. Though they feel uncomfortable, they stick to white neighborhoods where the property is considered a better financial investment. This shows that:
    1. only prejudiced people will discriminate.
    2. discrimination is unavoidable, but prejudicial attitudes are not.
    3. patterns of discrimination are easily fixed by individuals.
    4. discrimination is possible from people who are not prejudiced.
15. Thinking in terms of fixed and inflexible categories, such as believing that all Muslims are religious fundamentalists, is best described as:

a.         stereotyping.			c.	racializing.
b.         discriminating.			d.	projecting.

16. According to the textbook, the transferring of ideas or emotions from their true source to another object is called:

a.            transference.						c.	discrimination.
b.         stereotyping.						d.	displacement.

17. Adolph Hitler was able to convince the German population that Jews were to blame for the country’s economic troubles. Jews in this example can be considered a(n):
    1. stereotype.  c.         victim.
    2. scapegoat.  d.         minority group.

 

 

18. Blaming immigrants for high unemployment rates is an example of:
    1. scapegoating.         c.         institutional racism.
    2. racializing.  d.         discrimination.
19. People who, because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find themselves in situations of inequality within a society are known as:

a.         an ethnic group.			c.	a minority group.
b.         a racial group.			d.	scapegoats.

20. Which of the following statements concerning minority groups is true?
    1. Any group that is less than 50 percent of the population is considered a minority group.
    2. All members of the group share the same physical features.
    3. All members of the group have some sense of group solidarity.
    4. Members have the ability to leave the minority group and assimilate into the dominant one.

 

 

21. The Holocaust was the systematic, planned destruction and murder of six million Jews by the Nazi regime. The Holocaust is an example of:
    1. genocide.    c.         segregation.
    2. assimilation.           d.         pluralism.

 

 

22. The practice of keeping racial and ethnic groups physically separate is called:
    1. multiculturalism.    c.         segregation.
    2. assimilation.           d.         pluralism.

 

23. Assimilation is defined as:
    1. the acceptance of a minority group by a majority population, as the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture.
    2. the idea that ethnic differences can be combined to create new patterns of behavior drawing on diverse cultural sources.
    3. a model for ethnic relations in which all ethnic groups in a society retain their independent and separate identities yet share equally in the rights and powers of citizenship.
    4. the viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life.

 

24. Which model best fits the experience of Switzerland?
    1. assimilation c.         segregation
    2. melting pot d.         multiculturalism

 

25. Birgitta is Irish and currently lives in Dublin. She wants to move to the US and become a permanent citizen. This is an example of:
    1. immigration.           c.         assimilation.
    2. emigration. d.         racialization.
26. Compared to earlier decades, a greater proportion of international migrants today are women. This illustrates which of the characterizing tendencies of global migration identified by Castles and Miller?
    1. feminization            c.         globalization
    2. diversification         d.         demasculinization

 

27. Due to the conflict in Syria, millions of people have been displaced, and 2.5 million have fled across borders into neighboring countries as refugees. This forced relocation of people from their original homeland is also known as:
    1. immigration.           c.         diaspora.
    2. emigration. d.         assimilation.

 

 

28. More than 99 percent of the people in the United States are descended from:
    1. immigrants.            c.         Africans.
    2. Europeans.  d.         Native Americans.

 

 

29. The early wave of immigrants to the United States, from the 1820s to the 1880s, was mostly from:
    1. northwestern Europe.         c.         southern Europe.
    2. eastern Europe.      d.         Latin America.

 

30. Driven by a series of potato famines, 1.5 million people migrated to the United States from ________ in the nineteenth century and settled mostly in ________ areas.
    1. Germany; rural       c.         Ireland; rural
    2. Germany; urban     d.         Ireland; urban

 

 

31. Most immigrants admitted to the United States since 1965 have been from:
    1. northwestern Europe.         c.         Africa.
    2. southern and eastern Europe.        d.         Latin America or Asia.

 

 

32. Industrial development in the North of the United States, combined with the mechanization of agriculture in the South, produced a progressive movement of __________ northward starting at the beginning of the twentieth century.
    1. whites         c.         Latin Americans
    2. African Americans  d.         Native Americans

 

 

33. Which group has lived in the United States longer than all other immigrant groups besides Anglo-

Saxons, yet faces the segregation and poverty that was only a transitional phase for the other groups?

1. 1. eastern European Americans         c.         Irish Americans
   2. southern European Americans       d.         African Americans

 

 

34. In 1954, which U.S. Supreme Court case unanimously decided that “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal”?
    1. Dred Scott v. Sandford
    2. The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes
    3. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
    4. Roe v. Wade

 

 

35. According to the textbook, what were the immediate consequences of the 1964 Civil Rights Act?

 

1. 1. It banned discrimination in public facilities, education, employment, and any agency receiving government funds.
   2. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices.
   3. It outlawed discrimination in the rental or purchase of homes.
   4. It banned all race-based legal restrictions on marriage.

 

 

36. Which is now the largest minority group in the United States?
    1. African Americans  c.         Asian Americans
    2. Hispanic Americans            d.         Native Americans

 

 

37. Which Hispanic group is the largest in the United States?
    1. Mexican Americans            c.         Cuban Americans
    2. Puerto Rican Americans     d.         El Salvadoran Americans

 

 

38. Members of which Latino immigrant group are more likely to be educated and come from white-collar and professional backgrounds?
    1. Mexicans    c.         Cubans
    2. Puerto Ricans          d.         Haitians

 

 

39. Which group was forcibly removed to relocation centers in World War II?
    1. German Americans c.         Japanese Americans
    2. Americans   d.         Mexican Americans

 

 

40. Which group of Americans has the highest college graduation rate?
    1. non-Hispanic whites           c.         Asian Americans
    2. African Americans  d.         Hispanics

 

 

41. Which group of Americans has the highest median household income?
    1. whites         c.         Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders
    2. African Americans  d.         Hispanics

 

 

 

42. Which group of Americans saw the most significant increase in household family income in the 1990 s?
    1. whites         c.         Hispanics
    2. African Americans  d.         Asian Americans

 

 

43. When comparing the difference in infant mortality rates between the wealthiest white Americans and the poorest African Americans, the infant mortality rates for blacks in the bottom 20 percent of income compared to whites in the top 20 percent was:
    1. 2 times lower.         c.         2  times higher.
    2. the same.    d.         5  times higher.

 

 

44. In 2007, whites on average could expect to live ________ years longer than African Americans.
    1. 2.1   c.         15.4
    2. 3.8   d.         25.6

 

 

45. According to the textbook, what can we conclude about the patterns of segregation in the United States?
    1. Neighborhood segregation has declined significantly over the past quarter century.
    2. Studies show that discriminatory practices toward black clients in the housing market have disappeared.
    3. Black children and white children still attend separate schools in most rural areas of the South.
    4. There is a high level of educational segregation in larger cities.

 

 

46. In American Apartheid (1993), Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton argue that ________ is/are responsible for the perpetuation of black poverty and the continued polarization of black and white people.
    1. the history of racial segregation    c.         the biological inferiority of blacks
    2. impersonal market forces  d.         the cultural inferiority of blacks

 

 

47. Following the defeat of Senator Carol Moseley-Braun in 1998, the U.S. Senate had:
    1. 0  black members until  2004.
    2. 1  black member, who defeated  Senator Carol Moseley-Braun.
    3. 15  black members, but only from Northern states.
    4. 15  black members, but only from Southern states.

 

 

48. Which category of full-time workers had the lowest weekly earnings in 2012?
    1. Latina women         c.         black men
    2. white women          d.         white men

 

 

49. What fraction of all families headed by African American or Latina women lives in poverty?
    1. 1/10 c.         1 / 2
    2. 1/4  d.         3 / 4

 

 

50. Before the 1970s, which group would Robert Blauner most likely classify as willing immigrants?
    1. Irish Americans       c.         African Americans
    2. Native Americans   d.         Puerto Rican Americans

 

 

51. Who argued that race is of diminishing importance in explaining inequalities between whites and blacks?
    1. Lawrence Bobo       c.         William Julius Wilson
    2. Joe Feagin   d.         Elijah Anderson

 

52. William Julius Wilson has argued that racial inequality is decreasing, and he asserts that inequality between groups is now more about distinctions based on:
    1. immigration status.            c.         individual effort.
    2. social class. d.         cultural habits.

 

 

53. Jennifer Lee notes that Asian American students may see boosts in their academic performance if their teachers assume they are smart and hardworking. Lee labels this dynamic:
    1. stereotype promise.           c.         positive ethnic prejudice.
    2. model minority stereotype.            d.         Asian American exceptionalism.

 

54. Which statement is most consistent with the textbook’s conclusions about race?
    1. Racism is no longer a significant problem for blacks.
    2. In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, gender disadvantages are more significant than racism.
    3. In explaining racial inequality between blacks and whites, class disadvantages are more significant than racism.
    4. Although class disadvantage can partially explain racial inequality, it is not the primary explanation.

 

 

SHORT ANSWER

1. In a short paragraph, please explain the concept of racialization. How does this term help us understand race relations historically and in the present?

 

 

2. In a couple of sentences, please define institutional racism and explain how it differs from racial discrimination at the individual level. Give examples of each (individual and institutional racism), specifying how your examples illustrate the difference between individual-level and institutional racism.

 

3. Your textbook notes that racial discrimination can occur at the individual behavioral level but also at the institutional/societal level. One context in which both forms of racial discrimination might occur is in hiring for employment. Consider a scenario in which two job candidates are being considered for a position and the racial-ethnic identity of each candidate is known. Construct a hypothetical scenario in which racism is occurring at the individual level and at the institutional level (institutional racism), giving specific examples of each type of racism. Explain how each example of racism illustrates either individual or institutional racism.

 

4. In a couple of sentences, explain the main difference between prejudice and discrimination. Does prejudice always precede discrimination?

 

5. What is a minority group and what are the key characteristics that define a minority group in the field of social science? Why might the term minority cause confusion, and what would a reasonable alternative label be?

 

6. In a couple of sentences, please describe three factors the textbook authors mention in explaining the historical rise of racism. In your answer, discuss Joseph Arthur de Gobineau’s classification of races.

 

7. In a short paragraph, please explain the four models of ethnic integration mentioned in your textbook —assimilation, melting pot, pluralism, and multiculturalism. What model (or models) characterize ethnic integration in the United States, past and present?

 

8. In examining recent trends in global migration, Stephen Castles and Mark Miller (1993) have identified four tendencies that they claim characterize migration patterns today and that are expected to persist in the coming years. In a couple of sentences, please identify and describe each of these.

9. According to the textbook, Cuban Americans are relatively more successful than Mexican Americans. How can this difference be explained? Please answer in a few sentences.
10. In a short paragraph, explain the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality in the United States. Choose two of the following three perspectives in your response: 1) Robert Blauner; 2) William Julius Wilson; and 3) Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton. Which one do you think best explains the persistence of racial and ethnic inequality in the United States? Explain.