Homework answers / question archive / 1)Since 1970, marijuana has been officially classified in the United States as a controlled substance in the same category as __________

1)Since 1970, marijuana has been officially classified in the United States as a controlled substance in the same category as __________

Psychology

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1)Since 1970, marijuana has been officially classified in the United States as a controlled substance in the same category as __________. 

1. A. barbiturates - Given
2. B. heroin
3. C. cocaine
4. D. anti-anxiety medication (tranquilizers)

2. The potential for drug abuse in general presents a greater challenge for __________. 

1. A. men than for women - Given
2. B. African Americans than for Latinos
3. C. young people than for the elderly
4. D. none of the above

3. According to the text, drugs such as alcohol and nicotine are referred to as __________. 

1. A. illegal drugs
2. B. licit drugs - Given
3. C. illicit drugs
4. D. over-the-counter drugs

4.Signs of drug dependence include __________. 

1. A. intense cravings for the drug
2. B. need for increasingly greater quantities of the drug to get the same desired effect
3. C. becoming preoccupied with drug-taking behavior
4. D. all of the above

 

5. Which statement is true? 

1. A. All psychoactive drugs produce dependence.
2. B. Some psychoactive drugs produce dependence.
3. C. Only illicit psychoactive drugs produce dependence.
4. D. All dependence-producing drugs are illicit.

 

1. 6. By the definition used in the textbook, a chemical substance would be considered a drug if __________. 
1. A. it intoxicated the user
2. B. it had an impact on brain functioning
3. C. it served as a nutrient
4. D. both A and B

7 An over-the-counter (OTC) cold remedy taken for a cold would be classified as a(n) __________. 

1. A. licit drug for instrumental use
2. B. illicit drug for instrumental use
3. C. licit drug for recreational use
4. D. illicit drug for recreational use

8 Cathy needs to stay awake to study for her psychology midterm, so she decides to take an amphetamine to keep from falling asleep. In this case, the drug had a(n) _____ use. 

1. A. recreational
2. B. instrumental
3. C. pre-instrumental
4. D. pre-creational

9 Dr. Smith recommends drinking four ounces of an alcoholic beverage per day to his patient. The use of alcohol in this case is best described as __________. 

1. A. illicit
2. B. instrumental
3. C. recreational
4. D. forensic

10 Alcohol and nicotine generally belong to a category of __________. 

1. A. licit drugs for instrumental use
2. B. licit drugs for recreational use
3. C. illicit drugs for recreational use
4. D. illicit drugs for instrumental use

11 Instances in which a prescription or nonprescription drug is used in an inappropriate way are regarded as __________. 

1. A. illicit drug-taking behavior
2. B. extremely rare
3. C. drug misuse
4. D. drug abuse

12 Which of the following is an example of drug misuse? 

1. A. taking a sleeping pill while drinking beer
2. B. taking your mother’s prescription pain medication for a toothache
3. C. taking aspirin after its expiration date
4. D. all of the above

13 Instances of drug abuse involve __________. 

1. A. illicit drugs only
2. B. licit drugs only
3. C. instrumental use of drugs
4. D. licit or illicit drugs

14 Which of the following plants has (have) been sources of hallucinogenic effects? 

1. A. morning glories
2. B. yellow-orange fruits on cacti
3. C. certain types of mushrooms
4. D. all of the above

15 Analogy: Willow bark is to senna as __________. 

1. A. aspirin is to laxative
2. B. hallucinogenic is to non-hallucinogenic
3. C. poisonous is to non-poisonous
4. D. constipation is to headache

16 Which statement is NOT true? 

1. A. Shamans still exist in some areas of the world.
2. B. The decline of shamanism was due to the development of centralized religions in Egyptian and Babylonian societies.
3. C. Shamanism was eventually replaced by a more extreme form in certain parts of the world before it died out completely.
4. D. Modern shamanic healing utilizes hallucination-producing plants.

17 The Ebers Papyrus contained __________. 

1. A. the secrets to the location of medicinal herbs hidden in royal tombs
2. B. totally useless remedies for common diseases
3. C. recipes for preparations used in medical treatment
4. D. ancient Babylonian writings that were later found to be a hoax

18 Viking warriors known as berserkers displayed wild behavior due to ingestion of which psychoactive drug? 

1. A. DMT
2. B. Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric
3. C. Bupromorphine
4. D. Berserkium

19 The toads that were often included in “witch’s brew” recipes __________. 

1. A. were quite poisonous
2. B. produced hallucinatory and blood-pressure elevating effects
3. C. were effective only by virtue of a placebo effect
4. D. had no effect whatsoever

20 Analogy: Edward Jenner is to Louis Pasteur as __________. 

1. A. smallpox is to rabies
2. B. bromides are to chloral hydrate
3. C. a placebo effect is to a vaccine
4. D. morphine is to opium

21 Patent medicines in the 1800s were purchased through __________. 

1. A. peddlers
2. B. general stores
3. C. mail-order advertisements
4. D. all of the above

22 Patent medicines in the nineteenth century contained __________. 

1. A. opium, heroin, and nicotine
2. B. opium, cocaine, and heroin
3. C. alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine
4. D. opium, cocaine, and alcohol

23 The Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Temperance movement in general were dedicated to the prohibition of which psychoactive drug? 

1. A. alcohol
2. B. cocaine
3. C. marijuana
4. D. all drugs

24 The Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution restricted which of the following psychoactive drugs? 

1. A. heroin and other opiates
2. B. cocaine
3. C. tobacco
4. D. alcohol

25 The Prohibition era in U.S. history is associated with which prohibited drug? 

1. A. opium
2. B. cocaine
3. C. alcohol
4. D. marijuana

26 The social problems associated with the Prohibition era have often been cited as an argument against __________. 

1. A. prevention programs for drug abuse
2. B. restricting drugs in general
3. C. encouraging chronic alcohol abuse
4. D. all of the above

27 Some molds and fungi have been sources of which class of drugs? 

1. A. drugs effective in treating schizophrenia
2. B. drugs effective in treating bacterial infections
3. C. drugs effective in treating constipation
4. D. aspirin and other headache medications

28 Chlorpromazine was an early __________. 

1. A. antibiotic drug
2. B. antispasmodic drug
3. C. anti schizophrenia drug
4. D. antidiuretic drug

29 Which decade is generally associated with the beginning of drug use among young, middle-class Americans? 

1. A. 1920s
2. B. 1940s
3. C. 1950s
4. D. 1960s

30 Neuroscience research has focused upon which of the following aspects of the body? 

1. A. the functioning of the brain
2. B. the workings of the small and large intestines
3. C. the processes underlying bacterial infections
4. D. the cardiovascular system

31 The name for a branch of science joining the efforts of biochemists, pharmacologists, psychologists, and psychiatrists, among others, in order to study brain functioning is __________. 

1. A. psychopharmacology
2. B. endocrinology
3. C. neuroscience
4. D. neurology

32 Neuroscience examines __________. 

1. A. the relationship between psychology and biology
2. B. the relationship between brain functioning and biology
3. C. the relationship between brain functioning and human behavior
4. D. the relationship between pharmacology and brain functioning

33 Since 1970, the U.S. government’s position on marijuana is that it has high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use. 

1. True
2. False

34 Anti-drug campaigns in the media are created to discourage young people from becoming involved with drugs in general. 

1. True
2. False

35 Ecstasy has been a licit drug since 2001. 

1. True
2. False

36 Alcohol has been an illicit drug since 1965. 

1. True
2. False

37 Psychoactive drugs do not modify brain functioning once drug-taking behavior stops. 

1. True
2. False

38 The legality of psychoactive drugs may depend on cultural and historical circumstances. 

1. True
2. False

39 Only legal drugs have instrumental uses. 

1. True
2. False

40 A flavonoid called naringenin, found in grapefruit, has a specific inhibitory effect on the secretion of hepatitis C virus from infected liver cells. 

1. True
2. False

41 The active ingredient in turmeric, called curcumin, has a specific inhibitory effect on the secretion of hepatitis C virus from infected liver cells. 

1. True
2. False

42 For a drug to have a recreational use, the user must take the drug for the purposes of acquiring the effect of the drug itself. 

1. True
2. False

43 Drug misuse typically applies to the inappropriate use of prescription or nonprescription drugs. 

1. True
2. False

44 The elderly are highly vulnerable to drug misuse. 

1. True
2. False

45 Drug abuse can involve either licit or illicit substances. 

1. True
2. False

46 Instrumental use is the primary motivation for drug abuse. 

1. True
2. False

47 Willow bark is the source of present-day marijuana. 

1. True
2. False

48 The senna plant has been successfully used for the treatment of constipation. 

1. True
2. False

49 The Egyptian scroll referred to as the Ebers Papyrus was eventually proved to be a hoax. 

1. True
2. False

50 Patient records indicate that the Ebers Papyrus had a surprisingly high success rate for healing patients. 

1. True
2. False

51 Patent medicines refer to products that have been patented and distributed by pharmaceutical companies following a lengthy process of FDA approval. 

1. True
2. False

52 Laudanum is a liquid form of nicotine used in the nineteenth century. 

1. True
2. False

53 In the nineteenth century, it was common for infants and children in the United States and England to take opium. 

1. True
2. False

54 The degree of social acceptance of opium in the nineteenth century was dependent on the manner in which opium was ingested. 

1. True
2. False

55 Until 1903, the formula for Coca-Cola contained opium. 

1. True
2. False

56 The era of Prohibition in the United States began when the 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution took effect in 1920. 

1. True
2. False

57 Chlorpromazine (brand name: Thorazine) is considered to be one of the original drugs for the treatment of schizophrenia. 

1. True
2. False

58 Neuroscience, a new branch of biological science, came into being in the early 1940s during World War II. 

1. True
2. False

59 Crack, a form of smokable cocaine, appeared on the scene in the mid-1980s. 

1. True
2. False

60 The University of Michigan drug-use surveys make use of the responses of all high-school seniors in the United States. 

1. True
2. False

61 One of the best known surveys that examines drug-taking patterns of young people annually since 1975has been conducted by the University of Minnesota. 

1. True
2. False

62 The University of Michigan surveys have revealed that current levels of drug use among high school seniors are substantially higher than drug-use levels in the 1970s. 

1. True
2. False

63 In 2009, 37percent of high school seniors reported use of an illicit drug during the past year. 

1. True
2. False

64 Efforts to reduce underage drinking by enforcing restrictions of alcohol sales to minors have met with only partial success. 

1. True
2. False

65 Non-college-bound seniors are about three times more likely than college-bound seniors to smoke at least a half pack of cigarettes per day. 

1. True
2. False

66 In the 1990s, the University of Michigan surveys showed that high school seniors showed a decreasing trend in viewing regular drug use as dangerous. 

1. True
2. False

67 The National Survey on Drug Use and Health examines the prevalence rates of illicit drug use among Americans in several age groups across the life span. 

1. True
2. False

68 “To have a good time with my friends” is a frequent answer of high-school seniors when asked why they take drugs. 

1. True
2. False

69 A member of a socially deviant subculture is quite often an accomplished student in school. 

1. True
2. False

70 Understanding individuals’ risk factors and protective factors gives us some idea of which individuals are likely to use drugs and which are not. 

1. True
2. False

71 The presence of protective factors can provide the basis for resilience toward drug use among high-risk adolescents. 

1. True
2. False

72 Protective factors are the negation (or the inverted image) of risk factors. 

1. True
2. False

73 Cocaine, heroin, and creatine are examples of “club drugs.” 

1. True
2. False

74 Ketamine is not considered a “club drug.” 

1. True
2. False

75 Club drugs include both stimulant drugs such as methamphetamine and hallucinogenic drugs such as LSD. 

1. True
2. False

76 Dextromethorphan (DXM) is a cough suppressant found in many over-the-counter cough and cold medications. 

1. True
2. False

77 Nonmedical use of Adderall is of special interest because of its potential for dependence and abuse. 

1. True
2. False

78 In the 1980s, cocaine was __________. 

1. A. considered very glamorous
2. B. very inexpensive
3. C. getting a great deal of media attention
4. D. both A and C

79 The most recent attitude toward drug-taking behavior considers __________. 

1. A. a wide range of licit and illicit drugs with varying levels of potential for misuse or abuse
2. B. an increasingly narrow definition of psychoactive drugs
3. C. criteria that effectively exclude alcohol and nicotine from being classified as drugs
4. D. problems associated with illicit drugs to the exclusion of problems associated with licit drugs

80 According to the text, a recent study has found that __________. 

1. A. prior marijuana drug use by parents leads to increased marijuana use by their children
2. B. prior marijuana drug use by parents leads to a slightly decreased level of marijuana use by their children
3. C. prior marijuana drug use by parents leads to absolutely no marijuana use by their children
4. D. there is no relationship between marijuana drug use by parents and marijuana drug use of their children

81 The University of Michigan survey is based upon reports of drug-taking behavior among __________. 

1. A. college students
2. B. eighth-, tenth-, and twelfth-grade students
3. C. young adults
4. D. all of the above

82 A major disadvantage of the University of Michigan survey is that __________. 

1. A. high-school dropouts are not included
2. B. it is conducted every five years
3. C. college students are included
4. D. it has only been conducted since 1995

83 Advantages of repeating the University of Michigan survey year after year include all of the following EXCEPT __________. 

1. A. it allows us to examine trends in drug-taking behavior over time
2. B. it allows us to compare the use of one drug relative to another
3. C. it allows prevalence rates to be examined from year to year
4. D. it allows us to examine the effects of drug-taking behavior on the participant sample as they grow up

84 In 1979, about _____ of U. S. high school seniors had reported illicit drug use. 

1. A. three-fourths
2. B. one-half
3. C. one-eighth
4. D. one-fourth

85 According to the University of Michigan survey, in 2009 about _____ of U. S. high school seniors had used an illicit drug during the previous year. 

1. A. 17 percent
2. B. 37 percent
3. C. 63 percent
4. D. 77 percent

86 Illicit drug experimentation among high school seniors in 2009 has been reported to be __________. 

1. A. less than figures reported in 1979
2. B. more than figures reported in 1979
3. C. practically equal to figures reported in 1979
4. D. at the lowest levels since the University of Michigan survey began in 1975

Cocaine use during 2009 was reported by _________ of seniors. 

1. A. 2 percent
2. B. 3 percent
3. C. 4 percent
4. D. 5 percent

87 Nonmedical use of inhalants has held steady at between _________ since 2001. 

1. A. 2 and 3 percent
2. B. 3 and 4 percent
3. C. 3 and 5 percent
4. D. 4 and 5 percent

88 Compared to high school seniors, college students report a roughly equivalent annual prevalence rate in the use of illicit drugs in general, which is about ____________. 

1. A. 26 percent
2. B. 36 percent
3. C. 46 percent
4. D. 48 percent

89 According to the 2009 University of Michigan survey, almost one-half of high school seniors reported having consumed ______ in the past month. 

1. A. alcohol
2. B. cigarettes
3. C. cocaine
4. D. a hallucinogenic drug

90 According to the University of Michigan survey, binge drinking is defined as consuming _____ or more alcoholic drinks in a row. 

1. A. five
2. B. seven
3. C. ten
4. D. fifteen

91 In 2009, high school seniors reported drinking an alcoholic beverage in the previous month at a prevalence rate that was approximately ______ the rate reported with respect to illicit drugs in the previous month. 

1. A. three times
2. B. one-half
3. C. two times
4. D. the same as

92 According to the text, it is likely that the decline of alcohol consumption from the 1980s to the present among high school seniors can be attributed to __________. 

1. A. increased rates of cigarette smoking
2. B. reduced accessibility to alcohol for minors
3. C. the “know when to say when” message promoted by beer companies
4. D. a substantial increase in every other category of drug-taking behavior

93 The most frequently used drug on a daily basis by high school students is __________. 

1. A. alcohol
2. B. marijuana
3. C. nicotine
4. D. some form of inhalants

94 Alcohol use among _____ has declined to a lesser degree than alcohol use among high school seniors. 

1. A. college students
2. B. eighth graders
3. C. tenth graders
4. D. high-school dropouts

95 In comparison to rates of nicotine use among high school seniors in 1977, current usage rates among high school seniors are __________. 

1. A. higher
2. B. lower
3. C. the same
4. D. Rates fluctuate too often to be accurate.

96 When compared to high school seniors, fewer college students smoke cigarettes. This statistic is due to __________. 

1. A. a change in smoking behavior from high school to college
2. B. the heaviest smokers not being included in the college population
3. C. college students having less access to cigarettes
4. D. both A and C

97 Non-college-bound high-school seniors are ___ times more likely to smoke at least half a pack of cigarettes a day than college-bound high-school seniors. 

1. A. two
2. B. two and a half
3. C. three
4. D. three and a half

98 Societal changes in the 1990s which the text cites as reasons why youngsters did not have a tendency to view regular drug use as dangerous include __________. 

1. A. lack of drug abuse prevention programs in schools
2. B. poor communication between parents and children regarding drugs
3. C. lack of anti-drug public service messages in the media
4. D. all of the above

99 According to the National Survey on Drug Use and Health survey, about _____ of adults aged 26 or older in 2009 have used an illicit drug within the previous year. 

1. A. 4 percent
2. B. 6 percent
3. C. 11 percent
4. D. 30 percent

100 A major limitation in interpreting the University of Michigan survey of adults is that __________. 

1. A. millions of adults refused to participate
2. B. fewer adults were surveyed compared to high school seniors
3. C. institutionalized patients and homeless people were not represented in the sample
4. D. adults were more likely to report false data

101 When asked about their motivation for drug use, high school seniors have frequently cited __________. 

1. A. dissatisfaction with their parents
2. B. parental abuse
3. C. economic hardship
4. D. peer influence

102 Vulnerability toward drug-taking behavior is shaped by which type(s) of factors in a person’s life? 

1. A. risk factors
2. B. protective factors
3. C. conjoint factors
4. D. both A and B

103 Analogy: Risk factors are to protective factors as __________. 

1. A. illicit drug use is to licit drug use
2. B. daily drug use is to recreational drug use
3. C. more likely to use drugs is to less likely to use drugs
4. D. drug abuse is to drug misuse

104 Which factor is considered a risk factor for drug use? 

1. A. socioeconomic status
2. B. membership in a deviant subculture
3. C. high self-esteem
4. D. overly strong parent-child attachment

105 Generally speaking, as the number of risk factors ____, the likelihood of drug use ____. 

1. A. increases; decreases
2. B. decreases; increases
3. C. increases; increases
4. D. There is no relationship.

106 The leading risk factor(s) for marijuana use include __________. 

1. A. the perceived prevalence of marijuana use by friends
2. B. the perceived prevalence of use in the community
3. C. individual attitudes toward marijuana smoking
4. D. all of the above

107 Which is NOT a protective factor for drug use? 

1. A. parent’s level of education
2. B. closeness to an adult outside the family
3. C. easy availability of drugs in one’s environment
4. D. socially conforming attitudes

108 Having six or more protective factors in one’s life __________. 

1. A. lowers the level of resistance against drug use
2. B. raises the level of resistance against drug use
3. C. does next to nothing
4. D. sometimes lowers the level of resistance, sometimes not

109 According to a study cited in the text, as the number of protective factors _____, the resistance to drug use ______. 

1. A. increased; decreased
2. B. decreased; increased
3. C. increased; increased
4. D. There was no relationship.

110 ________ refer to substances often ingested at all-night dance parties. 

1. A. Rave drugs
2. B. Club drugs
3. C. Night drugs
4. D. Underground drugs

111 Which of the following is NOT considered a “club drug”? 

1. A. smokable heroin
2. B. MDMA (Ecstasy)
3. C. ketamine
4. D. LSD

112 Which of the following drugs is associated with a marked increase in body temperature? 

1. A. LSD
2. B. MDMA (Ecstasy)
3. C. ketamine
4. D. Rohypnol

113 Which of the following drugs produces increased alertness and energy? 

1. A. Rohypnol
2. B. MDMA (Ecstasy)
3. C. ketamine
4. D. methamphetamine

114 Which of the following drugs (also known as the forget-me pill) is easily dissolved in beverages and is used to intoxicate or sedate individuals? 

1. A. Rohypnol
2. B. MDMA (Ecstasy)
3. C. ketamine
4. D. methamphetamine

115 What is particularly dangerous about many club drugs? 

1. A. They are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.
2. B. They can be slipped into drinks unobtrusively.
3. C. They have been used in sexual assault cases.
4. D. all of the above

116 In 2009, about ¬¬¬¬______ million young adults in the United States used prescription pain relievers on a recreational basis in the past year. 

1. A. two
2. B. three
3. C. four
4. D. five

117 Individuals with attention deficit disorder (ADD) are treated with _______________. 

1. A. oxycodone
2. B. dextromethorphan
3. C. ketamine
4. D. methamphetamine

118 In 2009, approximately _________ of high school seniors reported taking OTC cough and cold medications. 

1. A. 2 percent
2. B. 3 percent
3. C. 4 percent
4. D. 6 percent

119 The alcohol content in some OTC cough and cold medications may be as high as ___________. 

1. A. 23 percent
2. B. 25 percent
3. C. 26 percent
4. D. 28 percent

120 Dextromethorphan can be found in _______, and in high doses can increase the risk of brain damage, seizure, and death. 

1. A. OxyContin
2. B. Tylenol
3. C. aspirin products
4. D. cough and cold medications