1)The integrative methodology in the early research of __________ formed the basis of today's developmental approach. a. Keith J. Bell and Paul M. Klenowski b. Eleanor Glueck and Sheldon Glueck c. Rolf Loeber and Marc LeBlanc d. Marvin Wolfgang and Terri Moffitt 2. Public policy programs based on developmental theory ______. a. focus on deterrence through strict punishments b. include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society c. provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders d. feature multisystemic treatments designed for at-risk youths 3. Developmental theories attempt to provide a natural history of criminal careers by encompassing ______. a. its onset, continuation, and termination b. delinquency and criminal behaviors c. unidimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts d. offenders' race/ethnicity, age, and gender 4. Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present at birth or soon after that results in ______. a. low

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1)The integrative methodology in the early research of __________ formed the basis of today's developmental approach

Sociology Feb 10, 2021

1)The integrative methodology in the early research of __________ formed the basis of today's developmental approach.

	a.	Keith J. Bell and Paul M. Klenowski	b.	Eleanor Glueck and Sheldon Glueck
	c.	Rolf Loeber and Marc LeBlanc	d.	Marvin Wolfgang and Terri Moffitt

2. Public policy programs based on developmental theory ______.

	a.	focus on deterrence through strict punishments
	b.	include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society
	c.	provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders
	d.	feature multisystemic treatments designed for at-risk youths

3. Developmental theories attempt to provide a natural history of criminal careers by encompassing ______.

	a.	its onset, continuation, and termination
	b.	delinquency and criminal behaviors
	c.	unidimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts
	d.	offenders' race/ethnicity, age, and gender

4. Latent trait theorists believe human development is controlled by a master trait present at birth or soon after that results in ______.

	a.	low intellectual development
	b.	verbal and physical aggression
	c.	an increased propensity to commit crime
	d.	a reduced ability to interpret social interactions

5. How do life course theorists view criminality?

	a.	As an inflexible process	b.	As a dynamic process
	c.	As an opportunity-driven process	d.	As a static process

6. Why is early onset an important factor in crime?

	a.	Because the earlier that antisocial behavior is identified, the earlier that turning points can be implemented
	b.	Because latent traits may have gone unnoticed or unidentified at birth
	c.	Because early onset of antisocial behavior predicts later and more serious criminality
	d.	Because early onset of antisocial behavior is void of the crime–non-crime choice mechanism suggested by Wilson and Herrnstein.

7. One of the key principles of life course theory is that ______.

	a.	high verbal ability during childhood predicts persistence
	b.	persistent offenders begin their offending careers in late adolescence
	c.	the earlier the onset of criminality, the more specialized and violent the criminal career
	d.	the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life

8. According to life course theories, criminal opportunity, effective guardianship, and apprehension risk are __________ factors that can explain the onset, continuance, and desistance from crime.

	a.	personal	b.	social
	c.	cognitive	d.	situational

9. Which is an inaccurate statement about problem behaviors and problem behavior syndrome?

	a.	All varieties of criminal behavior may be a part of a generalized problem behavior syndrome.
	b.	People suffering from one problem behavior condition typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest.
	c.	The more risk factors a person suffers, the greater the likelihood they will engage in antisocial behavior.
	d.	Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the product of other social problems.

10. Using data from a longitudinal study of Pittsburgh youth, Loeber identified distinct pathways to crime. Which pathway begins at an early age with stubborn behavior?

	a.	The authority conflict pathway	b.	The covert pathway
	c.	The overt pathway	d.	The late bloomer pathway

11. Life course theories integrate personal, social, socialization, situational, and cognitive factors to explain human behavior. Personality and intelligence are __________ factors that can explain the onset and continuation of criminality.

	a.	personal	b.	social
	c.	socialization	d.	cognitive

12. Life course theorists examine offending patterns and trends. Terrie Moffit describes adolescent-limited offenders as ______.

	a.	angry adolescents	b.	typical teenagers
	c.	classic persisters	d.	standard youth

13. Sampson and Laub’s research indicates that building __________ and strong social bonds reduces the likelihood of long-term deviance.

	a.	knowledge	b.	social capital
	c.	marketable skills	d.	financial capital

14. Which of the following is not one of the significant life-changing events that reduces criminality, according to Laub and Sampson?

	a.	Buying a car	b.	Joining the military
	c.	Getting married	d.	Getting a job

15. Laub and Sampson identify life events that enable adult offenders to desist from crime. Accordingly, they identify transitions as short-term events embedded in ______.

	a.	trajectories	b.	social capital
	c.	marital relationships	d.	pathways

16. According to Laub and Sampson, the life-changing events that alter the development of a criminal career are called ______.

	a.	?turning points
	b.	?hot spots
	c.	?event dependencies
	d.	?cumulative disadvantages

17. Cognitive frameworks that help people quickly process and sort through information are called ______.

	a.	?schemas
	b.	?latent traits
	c.	?criminogenic structure
	d.	?impulsive controls

18. Which of the following statements is inaccurate in terms of the empirical research supporting Laub and Sampson's age-graded theory?

	a.	Criminality appears to be dynamic and is affected by behaviors occurring over the life course.
	b.	People who get involved with the justice system as adolescents may find that their career paths are blocked well into adulthood.
	c.	Criminal career trajectories are impossible to reverse, even if life conditions improve.
	d.	Accumulating social capital reduces crime rates.

19. According to latent trait theory, when does a latent trait appear?

	a.	At birth or soon after	b.	During childhood
	c.	During adolescence	d.	During early adulthood

20. According to Wilson and Herrnstein's crime and human nature view, a criminal incident occurs when an individual chooses criminal over conventional behavior. What factor influences that choice?

	a.	Social capital	b.	A latent trait
	c.	Low self-control	d.	Peer influence

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