a. 

Keith J. Bell and Paul M. Klenowski

b. 

Eleanor Glueck and Sheldon Glueck

c. 

Rolf Loeber and Marc LeBlanc

d. 

Marvin Wolfgang and Terri Moffitt

a. 

focus on deterrence through strict punishments

b. 

include mechanisms for reintegrating offenders into society

c. 

provide self-help treatments aimed at adult offenders

d. 

feature multisystemic treatments designed for at-risk youths

a. 

its onset, continuation, and termination

b. 

delinquency and criminal behaviors

c. 

unidimensional and multidimensional treatment efforts

d. 

offenders' race/ethnicity, age, and gender

a. 

low intellectual development

b. 

verbal and physical aggression

c. 

an increased propensity to commit crime

d. 

a reduced ability to interpret social interactions

a. 

As an inflexible process

b. 

As a dynamic process

c. 

As an opportunity-driven process

d. 

As a static process

a. 

Because the earlier that antisocial behavior is identified, the earlier that turning points can be implemented

b. 

Because latent traits may have gone unnoticed or unidentified at birth

c. 

Because early onset of antisocial behavior predicts later and more serious criminality

d. 

Because early onset of antisocial behavior is void of the crime–non-crime choice mechanism suggested by Wilson and Herrnstein.

a. 

high verbal ability during childhood predicts persistence

b. 

persistent offenders begin their offending careers in late adolescence

c. 

the earlier the onset of criminality, the more specialized and violent the criminal career

d. 

the seeds of a criminal career are planted early in life

a. 

personal

b. 

social

c. 

cognitive

d. 

situational

a. 

All varieties of criminal behavior may be a part of a generalized problem behavior syndrome.

b. 

People suffering from one problem behavior condition typically exhibit many symptoms of the rest.

c. 

The more risk factors a person suffers, the greater the likelihood they will engage in antisocial behavior.

d. 

Problem behavior syndrome portrays crime as the product of other social problems.

a. 

The authority conflict pathway

b. 

The covert pathway

c. 

The overt pathway

d. 

The late bloomer pathway

a. 

personal

b. 

social

c. 

socialization

d. 

cognitive

a. 

angry adolescents

b. 

typical teenagers

c. 

classic persisters

d. 

standard youth

a. 

knowledge

b. 

social capital

c. 

marketable skills

d. 

financial capital

a. 

Buying a car

b. 

Joining the military

c. 

Getting married

d. 

Getting a job

a. 

trajectories

b. 

social capital

c. 

marital relationships

d. 

pathways

a. 

?turning points

b. 

?hot spots

c. 

?event dependencies

d. 

?cumulative disadvantages

a. 

?schemas

b. 

?latent traits

c. 

?criminogenic structure

d. 

?impulsive controls

a. 

Criminality appears to be dynamic and is affected by behaviors occurring over the life course.

b. 

People who get involved with the justice system as adolescents may find that their career paths are blocked well into adulthood.

c. 

Criminal career trajectories are impossible to reverse, even if life conditions improve.

d. 

Accumulating social capital reduces crime rates.

a. 

At birth or soon after

b. 

During childhood

c. 

During adolescence

d. 

During early adulthood

a. 

Social capital

b. 

A latent trait

c. 

Low self-control

d. 

Peer influence