a.

slaves

b.

free blacks

c.

poor whites

d.

Plains Indians

a.

They connected the East Coast and the Pacific Ocean.

b.

They had replaced canals as the chief method for hauling freight.

c.

They were well suited for small goods but not for large bulky goods.

d.

Private capital, not government dollars, was responsible for their construction.

a.

they were relentlessly harassed everywhere else they had settled.

b.

they believed it was to be the site of Christ's return to Earth.

c.

the area offered excellent farmland.

d.

the federal government offered them the land in exchange for dropping lawsuits against authorities in Illinois.

a.

Its impact on the South and West was staggering.

b.

It made many railroad networks redundant.

c.

It had little impact on economic development.

d.

The technology proved too costly to implement until the 1890s.

a.

Water transportation worked much more efficiently in the winter than rail transportation.

b.

Railroads had surpassed canals as a hauler of freight.

c.

Unlike canals, there was no coherent network that connected individual railroads.

d.

Railroad transportation was considerably safer than canal transportation.

a.

indications of economic growth.

b.

diverse populations.

c.

strong interest in becoming part of the United States.

d.

cultural backwardness.

a.

half

b.

two-thirds

c.

four-fifths

d.

95 percent

a.

high-wage, high-skilled labor.

b.

interchangeable parts.

c.

domestically produced materials.

d.

highly protective tariffs.

a.

Immigrants

b.

Young women

c.

Families

d.

Single men

a.

They made up more than half of all immigrants to the U.S. between 1820 and 1860.

b.

A potato blight in the mid-1840s caused millions of Irish to flee the island.

c.

Most Irish immigrants had few marketable skills or more money than the voyage to America cost.

d.

Only their common language and religion allowed Irish immigrants to blend in with Anglo Americans.

a.

religion.

b.

commitment to democracy.

c.

attitudes toward work.

d.

the newcomers' staunch prohibition against liquor.

a.

on small farms.

b.

near factories where they could find employment as skilled laborers.

c.

in southern towns, where there were labor shortages due to the reliance on agriculture.

d.

in neighborhoods with populations of similar background.

a.

Wages and incentives for factory workers were wiped out.

b.

Working and living conditions improved for laborers.

c.

Mill owners locked some workers out of employment.

d.

More people left the cities to make a living on the farm.

a.

married as young as possible.

b.

sought to build large families.

c.

yearned to escape the city for work on the farm.

d.

put off marriage to establish themselves.

a.

ambition.

b.

willingness to work hard.

c.

relative youth.

d.

dislike for farmwork.

a.

to press for reform.

b.

to work more efficiently on the job.

c.

for planning and zoning cities.

d.

to develop a system of scientific management in the home.

a.

reading good and entertaining books.

b.

attending to one's wardrobe.

c.

the permissible practice of working part-time jobs to help with the family's expenses.

d.

centering their lives on their homes and their children.

a.

The movement of workers out of the owners' homes permitted a genteel lifestyle for the emerging elite class.

b.

Genteel families aimed at the complete separation of their private and public lives.

c.

Genteel families were fond of the popular theater, but found opera companies too highbrow and elitist.

d.

Men in the manufacturing elite class spent their leisure time differently than their workers.

a.

owned no slaves.

b.

fell into the category of the planter class.

c.

found slavery unprofitable.

d.

needed large landholdings to turn a profit.

a.

They were smuggled in from Africa.

b.

They were purchased in slave auctions in Cuba.

c.

They were imported from Brazil.

d.

They came from the plantations of former tobacco, rice, and sugar growers.

a.

In general, planters would have been better off freeing their slaves and hiring them back.

b.

On the best quality cotton land, most planters made a profit; otherwise, most slaveholders lost money.

c.

Large-scale planters' return on their investment was roughly equal to what factory owners were making.

d.

Slavery was so profitable that thousands of industrialists in the North were selling out each year to invest in cotton plantations.

a.

way of linking family interests.

b.

a distraction from the important pursuit of wealth.

c.

unnecessary, given the presence of slave women.

d.

a romantic ideal to be pursued at all costs.

a.

four rooms with a wooden floor.

b.

home to three or more families.

c.

occupied by five or six people.

d.

located several miles away from the planter's house.

a.

Southern slave codes protected slaves from excessive beatings.

b.

Slaveholders rarely beat their slaves, not out of kindness, but because it would interfere with production.

c.

Masters regularly beat their slaves, sometimes even when it meant a serious financial loss.

d.

Masters on large plantations were brutal; on the smaller farms, where there were fewer slaves, slaveholders treated their slaves much better.

a.

1/10

b.

1/3

c.

2/3

d.

9/10

a.

helping slaves escape.

b.

openly rebelling against their superiors.

c.

moving North.

d.

voting.

a.

faced laws restricting their activities.

b.

were forbidden to associate with whites.

c.

lived in well-established communities.

d.

enjoyed legal protection against physical abuse from whites.

a.

had plenty of opportunities as skilled laborers in the Upper South.

b.

Often became cooks, seamstresses, washers, or ran small groceries and taverns.

c.

were banned from well-paid occupations like midwifery, folk healing, or prostitution.

d.

enjoyed much better prospects than free black men in the Upper South.

a.

lived on a grand scale, upholding a culture of chivalry.

b.

looked upon slaves less as workers and more as status symbols.

c.

owned fewer than 10 slaves.

d.

was actually poorer than the typical nonslaveholder.

a.

worked in the fields with her slaves.

b.

legally had an equal share in the estate with her husband.

c.

was heavily involved in managing the day-to-day affairs of the plantation.

d.

spent most of her time preparing for grand balls and other festive occasions.

a.

maximizing profits.

b.

preventing movement between social classes.

c.

imagined concepts of chivalry and paternalism.

d.

living as simply as possible.

a.

wild roots, berries, and vegetables.

b.

meat, milk, and corn.

c.

potatoes, beans, and fish.

d.

All of these choices.

a.

in South America.

b.

without her parents' consent.

c.

at the pressure of her family.

d.

after a divorce from her husband.