Answers:

a. 

South Carolina Railroad.

b. 

Reading Railroad.

c. 

Pennsylvania Railroad.

d. 

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

e. 

Union Pacific Railroad.

Answers:

a. 

with the Supreme Court’s opinion in Hamilton v. Jackson.

b. 

with North Carolina’s threat to secede in 1832.

c. 

in the so-called Dorr War.

d. 

with Daniel Webster’s powerful pro-nullification speech to the Senate.

e. 

with a compromise tariff.

Answers:

a. 

Nicholas Biddle.

b. 

Andrew Jackson.

c. 

John Quincy Adams.

d. 

Henry Clay.

e. 

James Monroe.

Answers:

a. 

shoemaking.

b. 

textiles.

c. 

ironworks.

d. 

pottery.

e. 

guns.

Answers:

a. 

Orestes Brownson and Karl Marx.

b. 

Lydia Maria Child and Harriet Noble.

c. 

Charles Grandison Finney and Joseph Smith.

d. 

Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.

e. 

Cyrus McCormick and John Deere.

Answers:

a. 

A company downsizes to bring in more profit.

b. 

A corporation prevents its workers from fraternizing.

c. 

The president orders strikers to return to work.

d. 

Technology is used to replace workers in a factory.

e. 

The federal minimum wage is raised.

Answers:

a. 

They hoped to derail the market economy.

b. 

Their programs connected best with voters in isolated rural areas.

c. 

The Whig leadership criticized the American System.

d. 

They argued that the role of government was to promote the welfare of its people.

e. 

The Whigs believed that active state governments were essential to increasing freedom.

Answers:

a. 

An increase in Protestant revivalism.

b. 

Terrorism.

c. 

Urban crime and political corruption.

d. 

A decline in the sales of alcohol.

e. 

Epidemics in American cities.

Answers:

a. 

was completely under the control of Martin Van Buren.

b. 

often emphasized individual politicians with mass followings and popular nicknames.

c. 

remained very much the province of the elite.

d. 

focused on organization, with the public refusing to tolerate showmanship or flowery oratory.

e. 

was centered on the congressional elections held every other year.

Answers:

a. 

75

b. 

40

c. 

65

d. 

55

e. 

90

Answers:

a. 

Sovereignty for white males was more fully realized.

b. 

White and free black women gained the right to vote.

c. 

Ex-slaves were gaining more rights.

d. 

There was more acceptance of Native American culture.

e. 

Economic equality was increasing for white males.

Answers:

a. 

100.

b. 

150.

c. 

200.

d. 

50.

e. 

250.

Answers:

a. 

By 1832, he had established the political machinery of the Whig Party.

b. 

In the 1820s, he wanted politicians to focus more on ending slavery.

c. 

Based on his strong intellectualism, he promoted the idea of a national university.

d. 

He wanted to see competition between political parties.

e. 

He emphasized sectionalism over party loyalty.

Answers:

a. 

Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

b. 

Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting.

c. 

Processing cotton required too many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money.

d. 

The production of southern whiskey required the use of cotton in purifying the liquor, but the cotton absorbed too much liquid; Whitney’s machine changed that.

e. 

Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil and thereby save the cotton crop.

Answers:

a. 

Andrew Jackson accused John Quincy Adams of being a murderer.

b. 

Adams fired most of the federal employees who openly campaigned for Jackson.

c. 

One campaign slogan declared, “Adams can fight, but Jackson can write.”

d. 

Andrew Jackson challenged Henry Clay to a duel because of 1824’s “corrupt bargain.”

e. 

Adams’s supporters questioned the morality of Andrew Jackson’s wife because they saw her as a bigamist.

Answers:

a. 

focus her energies on the home and children.

b. 

pursue a college education.

c. 

take a job outside the home to supplement the family’s disposable income.

d. 

have as large a family as possible.

e. 

produce the daily foodstuffs and necessities that her household required.

Answers:

a. 

A majority of white males were not allowed to vote.

b. 

Poor farm workers needed to be granted a free plot of land from the government in Virginia.

c. 

Women should be allowed to vote in local elections.

d. 

The voting age needed to be lowered to fifteen.

e. 

Immigrants should be granted suffrage.

Answers:

a. 

made huge profits from distributing the machines built by Thomas Rodgers.

b. 

began his economic ascent through the purchase of Philadelphia real estate.

c. 

turned out to be a fraud, for it was discovered he counterfeited much of his fortune.

d. 

became wealthy by trading goods between the United States and China.

e. 

used his great wealth to finance the North during the Civil War.

Answers:

a. 

Government should exercise its power to try to improve private morality.

b. 

Only government could protect against social inequality.

c. 

New corporate enterprises were suspicious.

d. 

Restraining individual competition was a good thing.

e. 

The federal government should be more powerful than state governments.

Answers:

a. 

A corporate biologist conducting research in nature.

b. 

A hermit growing an organic garden.

c. 

An Amish community raising a barn.

d. 

A pro-war demonstrator.

e. 

A hippie-like commune that makes its own clothes.

Answers:

a. 

Ohio became a free state to balance the admission of Missouri as a slave state.

b. 

Congress banned slavery in any new territory that might ever be added to the United States.

c. 

Missouri agreed to gradual emancipation of slavery in exchange for admission to the Union.

d. 

the remaining Louisiana Purchase territory was divided into slave and free zones.

e. 

slave states gained a two-seat advantage in the U.S. Senate.

Answers:

a. 

developed stone-crushing technology useful for road building.

b. 

invented the cotton gin.

c. 

was a steamboat innovator.

d. 

established the Erie Canal.

e. 

established America’s first factory.

Answers:

a. 

single-party rule managed to erase sectional conflict.

b. 

the War of 1812 was an abysmal failure.

c. 

the Monroe Doctrine created harmony between Europe and the Western Hemisphere.

d. 

harmony came with a two-party system.

e. 

Andrew Jackson’s spoils system angered many Americans.

Answers:

a. 

New England settlers who moved to Ohio.

b. 

Merchants from northern Ohio.

c. 

Immigrants from Mexico.

d. 

Slaveholders from Kentucky.

e. 

Migrants from St. Louis.

Answers:

a. 

Farming in the Northeast needed slave labor.

b. 

Farming in the Old Northwest required slaves.

c. 

Old Northwest farms depended on the cotton gin.

d. 

Farming was done on a much bigger scale in the Old Northwest.

e. 

Wheat farming in the Northeast made New York City the flour capital.

Answers:

a. 

newspaper editors.

b. 

women, including Peggy Eaton and Floride Calhoun.

c. 

military officers.

d. 

bankers.

e. 

Protestant ministers.

Answers:

a. 

found, as whites did, that the West offered the best opportunities for economic advancement.

b. 

formed predominantly upper-middle-class communities in the North.

c. 

could not, under federal law, obtain public land.

d. 

joined with white artisans in biracial unions that successfully struck for higher wages.

e. 

rose in economic status, but more slowly than whites.

Answers:

a. 

The United States should focus only on gaining Caribbean islands.

b. 

With Mexico, the United States should not be interested in gaining territory this far South.

c. 

The United States would eventually control all of North America.

d. 

The United States would return land to Indian tribes west of the Mississippi River.

e. 

The United States would need to go to war to gain Canada.

Answers:

a. 

Subsidizing land for poor farmers.

b. 

Promoting a rigid class society.

c. 

Regulating corporations.

d. 

Banning prostitution.

e. 

Restricting promotion of alcohol production.

Answers:

a. 

indentured servants.

b. 

slaves.

c. 

Irish immigrants.

d. 

religious dissenters.

e. 

Indians.

Answers:

a. 

that they were not citizens, so they could not vote.

b. 

the argument that, since they did not have the vote in England, they ought not to have the vote in America.

c. 

that both groups were largely illiterate, and literacy was a necessary skill for political participation.

d. 

that both groups were viewed as being naturally incapable and thus unfit for suffrage.

e. 

that members of neither group had asked to be included in politics.

Answers:

a. 

South Carolina.

b. 

New York.

c. 

North Carolina.

d. 

Virginia.

e. 

Georgia.

Answers:

a. 

Nicholas Biddle.

b. 

Charles Winchester.

c. 

Langdon Cheves.

d. 

Henry Clay.

e. 

Paul Volcker.

Answers:

a. 

Cherokee.

b. 

Seminole.

c. 

Choctaw.

d. 

Chickasaw.

e. 

Creek.

Answers:

a. 

five New England states.

b. 

Virginia and Maryland.

c. 

New York and Pennsylvania.

d. 

four states in the Lower South.

e. 

the Upper Northwest (Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota).

Answers:

a. 

originated among entrepreneurs in the Old Northwest before spreading to New England.

b. 

was centered entirely on agricultural machinery.

c. 

referred to the production of specialty handmade goods by highly skilled artisans.

d. 

was nearly derailed by Chief Justice John Marshall’s hostility to economic development.

e. 

owed a great deal to Eli Terry’s development of interchangeable parts in clockmaking.

Answers:

a. 

The transcontinental railroad.

b. 

A system of federally financed roads.

c. 

Canals and steamboats.

d. 

The establishment of an efficient postal system.

e. 

The factory system.

Answers:

a. 

was rooted in the idea of self-sufficiency.

b. 

was defined in a way that distinguished it completely from the idea of privacy.

c. 

hampered efforts to spread democracy because it reduced interest in suffrage.

d. 

came under attack from Henry David Thoreau.

e. 

was a subject on which all transcendentalists agreed.

Answers:

a. 

was caused, in part, by a decline in British demand for American cotton.

b. 

led to a relatively mild economic downturn that resolved itself by 1839.

c. 

helped farmers, because the cost of transporting goods to markets fell.

d. 

can only be blamed on Andrew Jackson’s veto of the bill to recharter the Second Bank of the United States.

e. 

inspired a more vigorous labor movement in the decade that followed.

Answers:

a. 

Catholics could not be barred from political office.

b. 

the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional.

c. 

the American System was unconstitutional.

d. 

states could nullify federal laws with congressional permission.

e. 

the Indians were not allowed to sue the federal government.