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1) Three basic processes involved in the act of remembering are a

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1) Three basic processes involved in the act of remembering are

a. acquisition, application and extinction.

b. exposure, attention and retention.

c. stimulus, interpretation and response.

d. encoding, storage and retrieval.

 

2) Which of the following memory processes refers to the way in which information is entered into memory?

a. Retrieval

b. Reminiscence

c. Storage

d. Encoding

 

3) Which of the following is analogous to converting and putting information into a computer in a form the computer can recognize?

a. Encoding

b. Retrieval

c. Storage

d. Reminiscence

 

4) Which of the following refers to the processes through which information is retained in memory?

a. Storage

b. Reminiscence

c. Encoding

d. Retrieval

 

5) Which of the following is the name of the physiological change in the brain that allows information to be stored?

a. Habituation

b. Conditioning

c. Consolidation

d. Memory alteration

 

6) Which of the following refers to the processes that allow us to locate and then use information previously stored in memory?

a. Storage

b. Buffers

c. Retrieval

d. Encoding

 

7) Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is called ________; bringing the material that has been stored to mind is called ________.

a. encoding; retrieval

b. consolidation; decoding

c. consolidation; retrieval

d. encoding; decoding

 

8) According to basic memory theory, when you recall information to answer questions on this test, you are

 a. retrieving information.

b. reintegrating information.

c. decoding information.

d. assimilating information.

 

9) How many different memory systems does the Atkinson and Shiffrin model propose?

a. Five

b. Two

c. Four

 d. Three

 

10) Which of the following is not a memory system in the Atkinson and Shiffrin model?

 a. Intermediate memory

b. Sensory memory

c. Short-term memory

d. Long-term memory

 

11) The longevity of sensory memory is best described as

a. very short.

b. very long.

c. a few nano-seconds.

d. a few hours.

 

12) Which memory system holds information coming in through the senses for a period ranging from a fraction of a second to several seconds?

a. Episodic memory

b. Sensory memory

c. Semantic memory

d. Short-term memory

 

13) The duration of sensory memory is

a. longer for vision than for hearing.

b. the same across all sense modalities.

c. longer for hearing than for vision.

d. equal for vision and hearing and different for the other senses.

 

14) When Lisa twirled a flashlight in a dark room, which memory system caused her to briefly perceive a trail of light behind the actual location of the light?

a. Intermediate

b. Sensory

c. Short-term

d. Long-term

 

15) Research demonstrates that the amount of information transferred to short-term memory from sensory memory is

a. very large.

b. unmeasurable and insignificant.

c. unique to hearing.

d. very small.

 

16) Hearing the last few words someone has spoken seem to echo briefly in your head is an example of auditory

a. short-term memory.

b. intermediate memory.

c. sensory memory.

d. long-term memory.

 

17) According to the text, what portion of the information present in sensory memory is transferred to short-term memory?

a. Only a small portion

b. All

c. The vast majority

d. About half

 

18) Short-term memory is very important for all of the following except

a. carrying on a conversation.

b. problem-solving.

c. remembering something you learned in class last week.

d. dialling a new telephone number.

 

19) What is the following task measuring?  “Repeat these digits after me: 8-0-6-5-9-1-7. Now try 5-2-9-7-3-1-2-5.”

a. Short-term memory

b. Sensory memory

c. Long-term memory

d. Mathematical memory

 

20) Short-term memory usually codes information according to

a. visual images.

b. sound.

c. meaning.

d. episodes.

 

21) Which of the following sets of numbers best represents the number of separate items that can be held in the short-term memory?

a. 10056839210377

b. 25776645925

c. 173

 d. 7341839

 

22) The capacity of short-term memory is just right for a

a. six-character postal code.

b. person's name.

c. digital clock.

d. seven-digit phone number.

 

23) What is said to occur when short-term memory is holding its maximum, and each new item entering short-term memory pushes out an existing item?

a. Displacement

b. Chunking

c. Consolidation

d. Encoding

 

24) When each new, incoming item pushes an existing item out of short-term memory, __________ has occurred.

a. Retrieval

b. Interference

c. Displacement

d. Trace decay

 

25) The process of combining separate pieces of information into large units in short-term memory is referred to as

a. the savings method.

b. acoustical storage.

 c. chunking.

d. reminiscence.

 

26) When a hyphen is placed in a phone number, like 964-2281, remembering the phone number is easier because the hyphen encourages one to make use of

a. rehearsal.

 b. chunking.

c. savings method.

d. attention.

 

27) Information in the short-term memory must be rehearsed in order to be retained for longer than about

a. 1 or 2 secondS.

b. 20 or 30 seconds.

c. 5 seconds.

d. 2 or 3 minutes.

 

28) The maximum time information can be held in the short-term memory without rehearsal is

a. 3 minutes.

b. 30 minutes.

c. 3 seconds.

d. 30 seconds.

 

29) Information entered into short-term memory fades quickly unless it is

a. unassociated with past memories.

b. passively retained.

c. actively rehearsed.

d. left alone.

 

30) Rehearsal increases the amount of time information can be held in

a. long-term memory.

b. sensory, short-term and long-term memory

c. short-term memory.

d. sensory memory.

 

31) Anastasia has just looked up a new phone number. While dialling the number, she rehearses it to keep it in her

a. short-term memory.

b. sensory memory.

c. intermediate memory.

d. long-term memory.

 

32) Jane must introduce a senior manager at an important meeting. Jane does not wish to use notes for the brief set of comments she wants to make. She spends the evening before the meeting reading the comments over and over again, until she has them memorized. This process is called

a. rehearsal.

b. over-reading.

c. constant practice method.

d. edict imagery memory.

 

33) A component of working memory is

a. elaborative rehearsal.

b. short-term memory.

c. semantic memory.

d. iconic memory.

 

34) Various forms of manipulation of information exist that involve more than simply rote rehearsal. The goal of this manipulation is to retain information in long-term memory. These activities are known as

a. short-term memory rehearsal

b. memory strategies

c. long-term rehearsal

d. sensory strategies

 

35) One form of memory strategy that links new information to previously learned information is called

a. short-term memory strategy

b. sensory memory strategy

c. long-term memory strategy

d. elaboration strategy

 

36) Which of the following types of memory is what most people refer to when they use the term “memory,” because it is the system that allows retention of vast amounts of information for an extended period?

a. Interpretative memory

b. Long-term memory

c. Short-term memory

d. Sensory memory

 

37) The capacity of the long-term memory system is best described as

a. high.

b. unlimited.

c. small.

d. limited.

 

38) Which of the following is not descriptive of long-term memory?

a. It is a storehouse of our accumulated knowledge and information.

b. It usually stores information according to sound.

c. It has a virtually unlimited capacity.

d. It is relatively permanent.

 

39) There are two types of declarative memory—episodic memory and ________ memory.

a. literal

b. working

c. personal

d. semantic

 

40) According to the levels-of-processing model, which of the following involves shallow processing of information?

a. Judging the value of an antique

b. Deciding if a word fits in a sentence

c. Indicating if a word is printed in capital letters

d. Determining if two words rhyme

 

41) The levels-of-processing model states that the ability to recall memories depends on

a. whether or not the information was stored in short-term memory long enough to get into long-term memory.

b. how deeply we have processed the information.

c. the amount of rehearsal required to get information into long-term memory.

d. sensory memory detecting and holding the information.

 

42) What is the subsystem within long-term memory that holds our memory for motor skills gained through repetitive practice?

a. Declarative memory

b. Semantic memory

c. Nondeclarative memory

d. Episodic memory

 

43) Jeff is able to ride a bicycle although he hasn't ridden one for a few years, thanks to his

a. episodic memory.

b. nondeclarative memory.

c. semantic memory.

d. cognitive memory.

 

44) The ability to play tennis is stored primarily in

a. nondeclarative memory.

b. representational memory.

c. propositional memory.

d. declarative memory.

 

45) Which of the following would be stored in nondeclarative memory?

a. Mathematical formulas

b. Knowing how to knit

c. The meaning of “hypothalamus”

d. The date of your mother's birthday

 

46) What is the subsystem within long-term memory that stores facts, information and personal life experiences?

a. Nondeclarative memory

b. Declarative memory

c. Semantic memory

d. Episodic memory

 

47) Which of the following is not part of declarative memory?

a. Personal life events

b. Facts

c. Information

d. Driving a car

 

48) A newspaper story that describes someone's experiences growing up in a small town is most like

a. iconic memory.

b. semantic memory.

c. nondeclarative memory.

Answer : d. episodic memory.

Correct: Episodic memory consists of events that we have lived through and can still recall vividly.

 

49) If you were to write an autobiography, the content would be retrieved primarily from your

a. nondeclarative memory.

b. episodic memory.

c. sensory memory.

d. semantic memory.

 

50) Episodic memory would most closely resemble

a. an encyclopedia.

b. a dictionary.

c. a diary.

d. a cookbook.

 

51) Your ability to remember who attended your high school prom is an example of

a. semantic memory.

b. episodic memory.

c. nondeclarative memory.

d. mnemonic memory.

 

52) The memory that stores general knowledge and concepts, ideas and rules about the world is called

a. cognitive memory.

b. episodic memory.

c. semantic memory.

d. nondeclarative memory.

 

53) The subpart of long-term memory which is autobiographical in nature is __________ memory; the subpart which is like an encyclopedia or dictionary of stored knowledge is __________ memory.

a. semantic; episodic

b. episodic; semantic

c. nondeclarative; declarative

d. declarative; semantic

 

54) Which of the following memories is linked to general knowledge not associated with specific times or contexts?

a. Nondeclarative memory

b. Semantic memory

c. Episodic memory

d. Sensory memory

 

55) Your ability to do well on these exam questions relies on

a. episodic memory.

b. semantic memory.

c. short-term memory.

d. maintenance memory.

 

56) “The earth is the third planet from the sun. True or false?”  Your ability to answer this question relies on your

a. nondeclarative memory.

b. semantic memory.

c. episodic memory.

d. short-term memory.

 

57) An especially good __________ memory will aid Meredith in winning big on quiz shows such as Jeopardy.

a. short-term

b. episodic

c. semantic

d. nondeclarative

 

58) Which of the following would not be stored in semantic memory?

a. Methods of factoring algebraic equations

b. The knowledge that Idaho grows potatoes and Iowa grows corn

c. The meaning of “crustacean”

d. How to play the guitar

 

59) Which of the following would not be stored in semantic memory?

a. The chemical formula for water

 b. Games played at your sixth birthday party

c. The definition of “carnivore”

d. The capital of France

 

60) Which subsystem of long-term memory does not require conscious awareness?

a. Semantic memory

b. Nondeclarative memory

c. Episodic memory

d. Declarative memory

61) __________ consists of motor skills, habits and simple classically conditioned responses.

 a. Non-declarative memory

b. Episodic memory

c. Semantic memory

d. Declarative memory

 

62) Which of the following is not one of the main methods used by researchers for measuring memory?

a. retention

b. relearning

c. recall

d. recognition

 

63) Recall differs from recognition in that recall

a. maximizes retrieval cues.

b. taps short-term memory as well as long-term memory.

c. is a more sensitive method of measuring memory.

d. requires few or no retrieval cues.

 

64) Which of the following is the best example of a test question involving recall?

a. Essay questions

b. True-false questions

c. Multiple-choice questions

d. Matching questions

 

65) Alan has won his school's spelling bee by correctly spelling the word, “conscious.” Alan has performed a

a. recall task.

b. recognition task.

c. savings task.

d. relearning task.

 

66) When material must be recalled in a specific order, which of the following types of recall is required?

a. Serial recall

b. Structured recall

c. Free recall

d. Fixed recall

 

67) When 3-year-old Josh counts from one to ten, he is using

a. relearning.

b. serial recall.

c. free recall.

d. structured recall.

 

68) When on the witness stand, Wally is asked to relate the events as they happened on the morning of the crime. For this task, which of the following types of recall is required?

a. Free recall

b. Relearning

c. Recognition

d. Serial recall

 

69) Answering a multiple-choice question such as this one is a

a. savings memory task.

b. recognition memory task.

c. relearning memory task.

d. recall memory task.

 

70) All of the following test items are recognition questions except

a. multiple-choice questions.

b. matching questions.

c. essay questions.

d. true-false questions.

 

 

71) Yolanda has witnessed a robbery, and the police have asked her to identify the guilty person in a police line up. Yolanda is performing a

a. savings task.

b. recognition task.

c. relearning task.

d. recall task.

 

72) Which of the following methods is the most sensitive way of measuring retention and can detect learning when other methods cannot?

a. Recall

b. Retrieval

c. Recognition

d. Relearning

 

73) Although you may seem to forget all of the material on this exam, you do retain something because you will not have to study it as much for the comprehensive final. This is an example of which method of measuring memory?

a. Serial recall

b. Relearning

c. Recognition

d. Recall

 

74) The percentage of time saved in relearning material compared to the time taken in the original learning is called the

a. encoding effect.

b. retrieval score.

c. savings score.

d. relearning score.

 

75) A savings score is given in terms of the

a. percentage of items correct on relearning.

b. time saved on each item learned.

c. total time spent in seconds or minutes during relearning.

d. time or learning trials saved in relearning relative to the time or learning trials in learning the items originally.

 

76) What is the memory that is not a replica of an event, but one that has been pieced together from a few highlights and uses information that may or may not be accurate?

a. A reconstruction

b. A schematization

c. Hyperamnesia

d. Metamemory

 

77) When psychologists say that a person's memory is a reconstruction, they mean that the memory

a. is false.

b. is an accurate account of an event.

c. has been pieced together and is probably partly accurate and partly inaccurate.

d. was repressed and then recovered.

 

78) Often we fill in details when recalling natural events. We seem to add material to what we actually experienced. This phenomenon is referred to as

a. a schematization.

b. a reconstruction.

c. hyperamnesia.

d. metamemory.

 

79) What early memory researcher found that, rather than accurately recalling information detail by detail, people often reconstruct and systematically distort facts to make them more consistent with past experiences?

a. Frederick Bartlett

b. William James

c. Hermann Ebbinghaus

d. Elizabeth Loftus

 

80) When Bartlett studied memory using rich and meaningful events presented in lifelike scenarios, he found that

a. infantile amnesia was common.

b. people tend to displace a lot of their memories.

c. accurate reports were rare and distortions were common.

d. people had very accurate memories for small details.

 

81) Which of the following statements is least likely to be a reflection of Bartlett’s memory research?

a. We systematically distort the facts and the circumstances of our experiences and do not simply remember new experiences as isolated events.

b. Information already stored in long-term memory exerts a strong influence on how we remember new information and experiences.

c. Accurate information in subjects’ memories reflected schemas—integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects, and events.

d. Schemas help us process large amounts of material by providing us with frameworks to incorporate new information and experience.

 

82) Which of the following proposed that memory works like a tape recorder and that memories are stored permanently within the brain?

a. William James

b. Hermann Ebbinghaus

c. George Bartlett

d. Wilder Penfield

 

83) Recent research suggests that memory is a________, a piecing together of a few highlights, using information that may or may not be accurate.

a. fabrication

b. deconstruction

c. defense mechanism

d. reconstruction

 

84) Who among the following said, “The past is being continually remade, reconstructed in the interest of the present”?

a. Hermann Ebbinghaus

b. Sir Frederick Bartlett

c. Charles Sperling

d. Wilder Penfield

 

85) Sir Frederick Bartlett's research on the recall of stories and drawings revealed

a. people could handle seven plus or minus two pieces of information.

b. older people recalled more detail in the pictures, while younger people recalled the stories more accurately.

c. people recreated the stories, making them shorter and more consistent with their own individual points of view.

d. accuracy was best within one hour of the original reading, or look.

 

86) Bartlett found that the parts of the stories created by people in his experiment were

a. of little interest to him.

 b. often the very parts that they most adamantly claimed to have remembered.

c. the portion of the story that was most difficult to recall.

d. actually judged by  Bartlett  to be the easiest portion of the stories to recall.

 

87) The integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions about people, objects and events are known as

a. chunks.

b. serial position effects.

c. schemas.

d. flashbulb memories.

 

88) Which of the following is not true of schemas?

a. Schemas affect the way we retrieve information.

b. When we use schemas, our memories are accurate.

c. Schemas affect the way we encode information.

d. Schemas are the integrated frameworks of knowledge and assumptions we have about people, objects and events.

 

89) Which of the following influence what we notice and how we encode information into memory?

a. Chunks

b. Eidetic imagery

c. Recency effects

d. Schemas

 

90) Which of the following utilizes some degree of distortion in order to make information consistent?

a. Primacy effects

b. Recency effects

c. Long-term potentiation

d. Schemas

 

91) Memory distortion happens when we try to make the memory fit into

a. a particular set of logic.

b. our beliefs.

c. a set of expectations.

d. the facts.

 

92) Our tendency to distort our memory serves several positive purposes. Which of the following is not one them?

a. It helps us lie.

b. It lets us make the world fit into our expectations.

c. It makes our world more understandable.

d. It lets us organize our experiences into our existing systems of beliefs.

 

93) Eyewitness testimony has been found to be

a. highly subject to error.

b. easily dismissed by jury members.

c. more accurate than the legal system assumes.

d. extremely accurate.

 

94) There are fewer errors in eyewitness testimony if

a. eyewitnesses view suspects’ photos prior to a line up.

b. eyewitnesses are identifying a person from their own race.

c. a weapon has been used in the crime.

d. questions are phrased to provide retrieval cues for the eyewitness.

 

95) Critics of therapists who help patients discover repressed memories of sexual abuse would agree with which of the following positions?

a. If the patient does not recall abuse yet has several symptoms, then the abuse happened.

b. The patient is not responsible for proving that the abuse occurred.

c. Because abuse is so common, anyone with even a few of the symptoms was most likely abused.

d. The patient has obliged the therapist by generating false memories that she believes are real.

 

96) The very existence of some claims of recovered memories from very early years is suspect because

a. the primacy effect would make early memories difficult to forget.

b. hypnosis is the only sure way to recover these memories, and it is not effective on early memories.

c. few episodic memories from the early years of life can be recalled.

d. repressed memories are very difficult to form.

 

97) Which of the following is not true about questioning an eyewitness?

a. Misleading information suggested to a witness can lead to the “misinformation effect.”

b. A “showup” line up can lead to more failures to identify perpetrators.

c. Leading questions can help facilitate accurate recall.

d. The more often a witness is questioned, whether their information is accurate or not, the more confidence they have in it.

 

98) The position of the governing bodies for psychology (APA, CPA) on repressed memories could best be described as

a. completely supporting that notion that repressed memories exist.

b. indicating that false memories cannot be constructed.

c. supporting the possibility that repressed memories exist.

d. completely disregarding the notion of repressed memories.

 

99) Which of the following is not a recommendation from the textbook about how to conduct interviews with children?

a. Use information provided by the child to construct questions.

b. Don’t use big words.

c. Do not allow the children to speak more than the interviewer.

d. Ask simple questions that contain a single idea.

 

100) All of the following are generally true about a person's memory while under hypnosis except

a. hypnotized subjects supply more information.

b. hypnotized subjects supply more inaccurate information.

c. hypnotized subjects show improved memory under hypnosis.

d. hypnotized subjects are more confident of their recollection.

 

101) Some critics of hypnosis are against using it as an aid for eyewitness testimony, but they believe

a. that it can be a valuable investigative tool for the police.

b. it can be useful to elicit memories that people cannot recall.

c. it can provide access to the truth from people trying to hide something.

d. juries should be hypnotized to help them focus on the case.

 

102) An extremely vivid memory of the circumstances under which we learn of an event that is highly shocking, surprising and emotional is called

a. a flashbulb memory.

b. an eidetic imagery memory.

c. a photographic memory.

d. a déjà  vu memory.

 

103) Which of the following refers to the vivid images people have of what they were doing at the time we first learned of some dramatic event, such as the fall of the Berlin Wall or the events of September 11, 2001?

a. Engrams

b. Constructive distortions

c. Flashbulb memories

d. Mnemonics

 

104) Vivid images of what we are doing at the time of some dramatic or emotional event, such as the announcement of the start of the Gulf War, is referred to as

a. reminiscence.

b. a flashbulb memory.

c. hyperamnesia.

d. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

 

105) Eidetic memory is the ability to

a. recall events from the past as if they happened yesterday, and to answer questions about them.

b. reconstruct memory after it has been forgotten.

c. forever hold in your mind the scene of the most memorable event in your life.

d. retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after the stimulus has been removed, and respond to questions about the image.

 

106) Which of the following is most like what is called photographic memory?

a. Iconic memory

b. Reconstructive memory

c. Flashbulb memory

d. Eidetic imagery

 

107) The ability to retain a visual image several minutes after it has been removed is called

a. sensory memory.

b. photographic memory.

c. flashbulb memory.

d. eidetic imagery.

 

108) Children who have eidetic imagery

a. are often withdrawn and quiet.

b. have a better long-term memory than other children.

c. usually retain their ability well into adulthood.

d. can retain the image of a picture for several minutes.

 

109) When someone remembers a long-forgotten and traumatic event in his or her life, such as the recollection of having been abused as a child, the memory is called

a. repressed memory.

b. schema formation.

c. infantile amnesia.

d. long-term potentiation.

 

110) Some studies show that about ________ percent of children apparently have something akin to photographic memory, which psychologists call eidetic

a. one

b. five

c. ten

d. fifteen

 

111) The tendency to remember the beginning and ending items better than the middle items when a list of items is presented is called

a. eidetic recall.

b. the ordering effect.

c. the serial position effect.

d. the opposite-ends effect.

 

112) Information at the beginning of a sequence has a fairly high probability of being recalled. This is called

a. proactive memory.

b. the recency effect.

c. the primacy effect.

d. retroactive memory.

 

113) The primacy effect occurs most likely because

a. the information has not yet been displaced.

b. first things are remembered first.

 c. the information has already been placed in long-term memory.

d. the information is still in sensory memory.

 

114) Information at the end of a sequence has a high likelihood of being recalled. This is called

a. prospective memory.

b. the primacy effect.

c. the recency effect.

d. proactive memory.

 

115) The recency effect occurs because the information

a. is still in sensory memory.

b. is still in short-term memory.

c. has displaced other information from long-term memory.

d. has already been placed in long-term memory.

 

116) According to the serial position effect, if you learn the following list, which of the following words would you have more difficulty remembering?

A. dog, apple, tree, pen, sun, rose, napa. pen

b. apple

c. nap

d. dog

 

117) When children learn the alphabet, they often learn “A, B, C, D,” and “W, X, Y, Z,” before they learn the letters “P, Q, R, S, T.” This illustrates a memory phenomenon called

a. the von Restorff effect.

b. the serial position effect.

c. the selective interference effect.

d. end effects.

 

118) When children learn the alphabet, they often learn “A, B, C, D. . .“ and “. . . W, X, Y, Z” before learning the letters in between. This is called the

a. state-dependent memory effect.

b. serial position effect.

c. recency effect.

d. primacy effect.

 

119) Your short-term memory is most useful in recalling which words in a long list?

a. The last words

b. The middle words

c. The first words

d. There is no particular pattern in the way people recall words from a list.

 

120) The serial position effect provides support for the existence of

a. only one memory system.

b. distinctive sensory memory and long-term memory.

c. distinctive short-term memory and long-term memory.

d. distinctive sensory memory and short-term memory.

 

121) Theodore sometimes studied his psychology in the psychology classroom when no classes were meeting there. He told his friends that he studied there because he knew it would help him remember more on his essay tests due to

a. the environmental context effect on memory

b. the fact that all the answers he was writing were on the back of the desk.

c. the serial position effect.

d. the flashbulb memory effect.

 

122) Environmental context plays a significant role in

a. neither recognition nor recall.

b. recall.

c. recognition.

d. both recognition and recall.

 

123) If you are trying to remember details about an event that happened in your kitchen, it would be most helpful to

a. return to the kitchen so the context helps you to recall.

b. leave the kitchen so that current cues do not interfere with recalling the event.

c. think about something else for a while.

d. picture yourself in the kitchen as you try to recall the event.

 

124) One research study found that divers who learned words either underwater or on land recalled

a. words equally well in either context.

b. words better in the original context in which they were learned.

c. words better in the opposite context from which they were learned.

d. nothing; no such study was ever conducted.

 

125) Scores on which type of test will be higher if taken in the classroom in which one originally learned the material, compared to taking a test in a different classroom?

a. Essay tests but not multiple choice tests

b. Both multiple choice tests and essay tests

c. Multiple choice tests but not essay tests

d. Neither multiple choice tests nor essay tests

 

126) The observation that memory recall was found to be best when the subjects were in the same state for both learning and testing even when that state was intoxicated is best explained by the phenomenon of

a. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

b. hyperamnesia.

c. state-dependent learning.

d. context-dependent memory.

 

127) Judith studied for her final exams in the calming environment of the park next to her college. On the day of each exam, she would take a walk through the park, just before going into the school to write the exam. Judith was trying to apply what she had learned about

a. contextual cues for memory retrieval.

b. state-dependent memory.

c. exercise and recall.

d. routine behaviour and test recall.

 

128) Research has suggested that the state-dependent memory effect was evident for recall but not for ________ .

a. recognition

b. memorization

c. eidetic memory

d. primary memory

 

129) When people feel grief over the death of someone close to them, they may be reminded of other times of great loss. This type of memory is known as

a. state-dependent memory.

b. grief memory.

c. contextual memory.

d. collateral memory.

 

130) Compared to nondepressed people, depressed persons tend to remember

a. more sad memories.

b. more pleasant memories.

c. more memories about early childhood.

d. more memories.

 

146) Who conducted the first experimental studies on learning and memory in the late nineteenth century?

a. Wilhelm Wundt

b. Sigmund Freud

c. William James

d. Hermann Ebbinghaus

 

147) Who invented the nonsense syllable, conceived the relearning method for testing retention and plotted the curve of forgetting?

a. H.E. Burtt

b. George Sperling

c. Hermann Ebbinghaus

d. Frederick Bartlett

 

148) Using himself as his only subject, Ebbinghaus originally studied memory by learning and recalling hundreds of

a. pages of fictional works.

b. short stories.

c. lists of nonsense syllables.

d. pages of common words.

 

149) Which of the following is not an example of a nonsense syllable?

a. cot

b. teb

c. pid

d. Zav

 

150) Jonathan studied for the exam the night before. When he went to answer the questions, he found that most of what he had read was no longer in his memory. According to Ebbinghaus, when did the majority of the forgetting occur?

a. During breakfast, as Jonathan read the daily newspaper.

b. Immediately after Jonathan finished reading his notes the night before.

c. As soon as Jonathan stepped into the exam room.

d. As Jonathan studied.

 

151) The curve of forgetting shows that memory loss

a. occurs slowly at first and increases steadily over a month's time.

b. begins to occur about three to four hours after learning.

c. occurs at a fairly steady rate over a month's time.

d. occurs most rapidly at first and then levels off to a slow decline.

 

152) Hermann Ebbinghaus is associated with all of the following except

a. plotting the curve of forgetting.

b. developing the relearning method.

c. proposing the information processing model.

d. inventing the nonsense syllable.

 

153) When a person fails to remember because the information was never put into long-term memory, which of the following has occurred?

a. Consolidation failure

b. Encoding failure

c. Motivated forgetting

d. Retrieval failure

 

154) The fact that few people can accurately describe a penny even though they have handled thousands of them is an example of:

a. consolidation failure.

b. encoding failure.

c. motivated forgetting.

d. retrieval failure.

 

155) Passively reading your textbook rather than actively reciting material is apt to lead to many

a. consolidated failures.

b. encoding failures.

c. motivated failures.

d. retrieval failures.

 

156) A loss of consciousness from a grand mal seizure, a blow to head or a car accident is likely to lead to

a. retrieval failure.

b. encoding failure.

c. consolidation failure.

d. prospective forgetting.

 

157) Alexander, age 30, lost consciousness during a car accident. His doctor said that he suffers from retrograde amnesia. Alexander has a memory loss for events that occurred

a. shortly before his accident.

b. in childhood.

c. for his first 30 years of life.

d. since his accident.

 

158) The idea that forgetting occurs over time if material in memory is not used is called

a. the recency principle.

b. the “write-over” hypothesis.

c. disintegration theory.

d. decay theory.

 

159) What is the present status of the decay theory?

a. It is not accepted as an explanation of forgetting in long-term memory.

b. It is used to explain forgetting from declarative memory.

c. It is used to explain forgetting from nondeclarative memory.

d. It is used to explain forgetting in long-term memory but not short-term memory.

 

160) The decay theory may be a cause of forgetting for

a. sensory and short-term memory.

b. short-term memory.

c. long-term memory.

d. sensory memory.

 

161) Although alternative theories exist, most psychologists believe that forgetting from long-term memory is largely due to

a. consolidation failure.

b. encoding failure.

c. decay.

d. interference.

 

162) Which theory holds that memory loss occurs because information or associations stored either before or after a given memory hinder our ability to remember it?

a. Interference

b. Motivation

c. Decay

d. Engram

 

163) The effect of interference is stronger for

a. emotional items.

b. dissimilar items.

c. visual items.

d. similar items.

 

164) You are going to have tests in psychology, sociology and algebra tomorrow. To minimize interference, what would be the best order in which to study the subjects tonight?

a. algebra, sociology psychology

b. psychology, algebra sociology

c. psychology, sociology algebra

d. sociology, psychology algebra

 

165) Don studied Spanish in high school and is currently studying Italian. His recall of a Spanish word when he is trying to write in Italian is an example of

a. retroactive interference.

b. anterograde recall.

c. retrograde recall.

d. proactive interference.

 

166) A few weeks after Marion had her phone number changed, she wrongly gave out her former phone number. The most likely explanation for remembering the old number rather than her current number is

a. retroproactive forgetting.

b. proactive interference.

c. prospective forgetting.

d. retroactive interference.

 

167) Max is having trouble using his new computer program because he keeps entering commands from his old program. This is an example of

a. decay.

b. displacement.

c. interference.

d. encoding failure.

 

168) In college, Anita is having difficulty learning Spanish because French words she learned in high school keep coming to mind. This is an example of

a. decay.

b. interference.

c. consolidation failure.

d. displacement.

 

169) Kim studied Spanish in high school and is now studying Italian in college. In one of her assignments for another class, she must read a passage in Spanish. As she reads the passage, her memory of Italian words interferes with her ability to understand the meaning of several Spanish words. This is an example of

a. retrograde interference.

b. anterograde interference.

c. proactive interference.

d. retroactive interference.

 

170) A few weeks after  Marion  had her phone number changed, she had difficulty remembering her former phone number. The most likely explanation for failing to remembering the old number is

a. proactive interference.

b. retroproactive forgetting.

c. prospective forgetting.

Answer : d. retroactive interference

Correct: When new information is recalled in place of older, previously learned content of a similar nature, this is called retroactive interference.

 

171) In a study, subjects either stayed awake or went to sleep immediately after memorizing a list of nonsense syllables. From what you've learned in your text, you would expect results to show that forgetting was

a. more rapid when subjects went to sleep.

b. equal whether subjects were asleep or awake.

c. significantly slower when subjects stayed awake.

d. more rapid when subjects stayed awake.

 

172) Memory loss of the experiences that occurred shortly before the loss of consciousness is called ________ amnesia

a. motivated

b. anterograde

c. retrograde

d. loss of consciousness

 

173) All of the following are examples of motivated forgetting except

a. forgetting what you had for lunch yesterday.

b. the suppression of receiving an F on a history test.

c. actively attempting to forget a disturbing accident scene.

d. the repression of a childhood incest experience.

 

174) Removing from consciousness disturbing, guilt-provoking or otherwise unpleasant memories so that one is no longer aware that a painful event occurred is called

a. repression.

b. proactive interference.

c. displacement.

d. regression.

 

175) Sydney  sometimes turns on the wrong stove burner because he forgets that his new stove has them in a different order than his old stove. This is an example of

a. interference.

b. retrieval failure.

c. displacement.

d. decay.

 

176) Forgetting the answers to items on this test that you knew when you entered the classroom can best be explained as

a. retrieval failure.

b. encoding failure.

c. motivated forgetting.

d. consolidation failure.

 

177) The sensation that one knows a name or a word and can almost recall it is called the

a. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

b. out-of-reach effect.

c. borderline-memory phenomenon.

d. almost-remembered effect.

 

178) At a crowded party, Lise sees an acquaintance whose name she cannot quite remember. She is pretty sure his name is “Harry” or “Henry,” or at least that it is a two-syllable name that begins with an H. Lise is experiencing

a. engram decay.

b. acoustic confounding.

c. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

d. retroactive interference.

 

179) Remembering that we are supposed to perform some action at a certain time is

a. prospective memory.

b. diary dialogue.

c. autobiographical memory schedule.

d. retrospective memory.

 

180) “Oh, darn. I was going to stop at the dry cleaners on my way to class and I drove right by it and just came right to the campus parking lot.” This indicates an example of

a. laziness.

b. prospective forgetting.

c. repression.

d. retrospective forgetting.

 

181) The failure to complete an action that had been planned, like remembering an anniversary or remembering to carry out the trash, is known as

a. prospective forgetting.

b. active displacement.

c. retrograde amnesia.

d. proactive interference.

 

182) It is easier to retrieve long-term memories if they are __________ when first stored.

a. uncategorized

b. organized

c. presented randomly

d. unfamiliar

 

183) All of the following are study habits that aid in memorizing new material except

a. organization

b. massed practice

c. overlearning

d. spaced practice

 

184) Being able to recite a number of nursery rhymes from childhood is probably due mainly to

a. mnemonics.

b. overlearning.

c. organization.

d. spaced practice

 

185) Spaced practice is better than massed practice for learning

a. neither motor skills nor verbal information.

b. both motor skills and verbal information.

c. verbal information.

d. motor skills.

 

186) When studying for an exam, it is best to spend

a. more time rereading than reciting.

b. all of the time reciting rather than rereading.

c. more time reciting than rereading.

d. equal time rereading and reciting.

 

187) Mnemonic devices are used to improve

a. sensory, short-term, and long-term memory.

b. long-term memory

c. sensory memory.

d. short-term memory.

 

188) Rhymes, jingles and coded letters are used in constructing

a. schemas.

b. mnemonics.

c. icons.

d. memogens.

 

189) Using “ROY G. BIV” to remember the colours of the visible spectrum in order is an example of the

a. link method.

b. pegword system.

c. first-letter technique.

d. method of loci.

 

190) Remembering the order of the nine planets by using the sentence “Mary's Violet Eyes Make John Stay Up Nights Pondering” is an example of memory improvement through the

a. method of loci.

b. link method.

c. first-letter technique.

d. pegword system.

 

191) Travis wants to remember a list of key terms for a psychology exam. He imagines driving to school from home. For each term, he forms an image of the term at a key point along the route. As he takes the exam, Travis goes along his imaginary drive and sees each image that helps him to remember a key term. Travis has used a memory procedure called

a. functional coding.

b. the method of loci.

c. the link method.

d. the pegword system.

 

192) Many studies suggest that we remember material better and longer if we

a. practise or study beyond the minimum needed to barely learn it.

b. read it thoroughly, once.

c. completely relax before beginning the learning process.

d. read the information to a friend.

 

193) Overlearning makes material

a. harder to tell someone else.

b. harder to implement.

c. harder to forget.

d. harder to recall.

 

194) Momet reads his favourite author's books over and over, beyond the point of simply learning them. He is trying to commit the words to his memory by using

a. flashbulb memory.

b. overlearning.

c. eidetic memory.

d. the primacy effect.

 

Question 1               1 / 1 point

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be

 

A. more accurate than the legal system assumes.

B. highly subject to error.

C. extremely accurate.

D. easily dismissed by jury members.

 

Question 2               0 / 1 point

The termination of pain that occurs when a rat escapes or avoids electric shock by bar-pressing is a

A. conditioned reinforcer.

B. secondary reinforcer.

C. negative reinforcer.

D. positive reinforcer.

 

Question 3               1 / 1 point

Information at the beginning of a sequence has a fairly high probability of being recalled. This is called

A. the primacy effect.

B. retroactive memory.

C. the recency effect.

D. proactive memory.

 

Question 4               1 / 1 point

Short-term memory usually codes information according to

A. sound

B. episodes

C. meaning

D. visual images.

 

Question 5               0 / 1 point

For years Sylvester the Cat has been fed canned tuna fish that has been opened with an electric can opener. Now Sylvester races into the kitchen every time he hears the can opener. What is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

 

A. The sound of the can opener     

B. Running to the kitchen

C. Sylvester's owner

D. The tuna fish

 

Question 6               1 / 1 point

Eidetic memory is the ability to

 

A. forever hold in your mind the scene of the most memorable event in your life.

B. retain the image of a visual stimulus for several minutes after the stimulus has been removed, and respond to questions about the image.

C. recall events from the past as if they happened yesterday, and to answer questions about them.

D. reconstruct memory after it has been forgotten.

 

Question 7               1 / 1 point

An extremely vivid memory of the circumstances under which we learn of an event that is highly shocking, surprising and emotional is called

 

A. a déjà vu memory.

B. an eidetic imagery memory.

C. a flashbulb memory.

D. a photographic memory.

 

Question 8               1 / 1 point

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is called ________; bringing the material that has been stored to mind is called ________.

 

A. consolidation; retrieval

B. consolidation; decoding

C. Answer : encoding; retrieval

D. encoding; decoding

 

Question 9               1 / 1 point

The type of learning in which the behaviour is modified by its consequences is referred to as

 

A. operant conditioning.

B. Classical conditioning.

C. flooding.

D. associational learning.

 

Question 10             1 / 1 point

A pigeon is left overnight in a Skinner Box. The mechanism is set to give out a food pellet every five minutes, no matter what the animal does. In the morning the researcher finds the pigeon tucking its head under its wing and moving in a counter-clockwise circle. What has most likely happened?

 

A. The bird has developed superstitious behaviour.

B. Classical conditioning has shaped the bird's behaviour.

C. Sequential learning took place during the night.

D. Spontaneous recovery has happened.

 

Question 1

1 / 1 point

beginning of a sequence has a fairly high probability of being recalled. This is called

 

Question 2

1 / 1 point

Eidetic memory is the ability to

 

Question 3

1 / 1 point

Eyewitness testimony has been found to be

Question 4

1 / 1 point

Little Tammy is frightened by thunder and cries when she hears it. During a season of frequent electrical storms, thunder is always preceded by lightning. Now Tammy cries as soon as she sees lightning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Question 5

1 / 1 point

The duration of sensory memory is

Question 6

1 / 1 point

The termination of pain that occurs when a rat escapes or avoids electric shock by bar-pressing is a

Question 7

1 / 1 point

Which type of reinforcer depends upon learning?

Question 8

1 / 1 point

A pigeon is left overnight in a Skinner Box. The mechanism is set to give out a food pellet every five minutes, no matter what the animal does. In the morning the researcher finds the pigeon tucking its head under its wing and moving in a counter-clockwise circle. What has most likely happened?

 

 

Question 9

1 / 1 point

Transforming information into a form that can be stored in memory is called ________ bringing the material that has been stored to mind is called

Question 10

1 / 1 point

Short-term memory usually codes information according to