a.

J. L. M. Curry

d.

Edmund Ruffin

b.

Henry W. Grady

e.

C. Vann Woodward

c.

John Ruffin Green

a.

industrialization

d.

racial harmony

b.

sectional peace

e.

better education

c.

women’s rights

a.

slavery was unsustainable

b.

of its inept military leadership

c.

the Union embraced more desirable cultural values

d.

the southern elite were soft and undisciplined

e.

it relied too much upon King Cotton

a.

eliminate agriculture

b.

form a separate nation

c.

industrialize

d.

be dominated by planter aristocrats

e.

encourage immigration of cheap labor

a.

automobiles

d.

coal

b.

lumber

e.

textiles

c.

tobacco products

a.

based in Dallas, Texas

b.

second only to the Bull Durham Company in cigarette production at the turn of the century

c.

dominating the U.S. tobacco industry by the twentieth century

d.

the first such government-owned company in the United States

e.

Virginia’s largest industrial employer

a.

It was an iron center.

d.

It lacked racial segregation.

b.

It had pirates.

e.

It had the same population size.

c.

It was Andrew Carnegie’s birthplace.

a.

H. L. Mencken

d.

Henry Grady

b.

Joe Camel

e.

Roy Bean

c.

James Buchanan Duke

a.

because traditional overplanting of the crop continued

b.

due to expanding its export market

c.

because the U.S. government now gave farmers new subsidies

d.

in spite of growing claims of collusion in the marketplace

e.

even as synthetic materials were invented in the 1890s

a.

capital

d.

domestic help

b.

labor

e.

water

c.

cotton

a.

They did not own the land on which they farmed.

b.

It was not part of their tenant agreement.

c.

They did not have the basic skills to keep it up.

d.

They were tired of their status as tenant farmers.

e.

Cotton replenishes the soil by adding nitrogen.

a.

legal assistance

b.

food, clothing, seed, and other items on credit

c.

loans to purchase land

d.

voter registration opportunities

e.

medical services

a.

conservative

d.

white politicians

b.

pro-business

e.

members of the Democratic party

c.

members of the Republican party

a.

guaranteed black voting rights

d.

stripped blacks of their civil rights

b.

stripped blacks’ voting rights

e.

gave blacks confiscated land

c.

guaranteed black civil rights

a.

declared constitutional

b.

placed under the jurisdiction of the court

c.

declared unconstitutional

d.

endorsed by the Democratic party

e.

replaced by the Civil Rights Act of 1876

a.

was an early promoter of black migration to the West

b.

won a Congressional Medal of Honor for his capture of Sitting Bull

c.

invented the refrigerated railroad car

d.

was elected Readjuster governor of Virginia in 1879

e.

became the first African American elected to Congress

a.

most were ex-crop dusters

b.

they were often making their exodus from the South

c.

they carried topical infections

d.

most saw the West as an exotic destination

e.

their bodies were extremely dusty after the long trip

a.

western communities prohibited the settlement of poor people

b.

they had everything they needed in their native communities

c.

it was easier to migrate to the South

d.

they generally could not afford the expense of transportation, land, and supplies

e.

because they were only qualified to work in factories

a.

Exodusters

d.

miners

b.

cowboys

e.

Indians

c.

slaves

a.

black soldiers who served in the West

b.

Indian scouts who helped the army against the Plains tribes

c.

white hunters who killed millions of buffalo

d.

Jamaican immigrants who joined the army in exchange for citizenship

e.

the Rough Riders who rode with William Cody

a.

a reservation set aside for Indians in Texas

b.

a mining discovery of gold and silver in Nevada

c.

a black disenfranchisement plan promoted by Bourbons

d.

a cattle drive that ran through Ohio

e.

the largest mountain in the Rockies

a.

Democrats in Congress were reluctant to create states out of territories that were heavily Republican

b.

the lawlessness of many western towns discouraged Congress from admitting the territories as states

c.

polygamy, as practiced by the Mormons in the West, was unacceptable to Congress

d.

if large mining firms had been forced to pay state taxes, they would have had to close down

e.

the cattle ranchers lobbied for continued open range as regulated by the territorial legislatures

a.

New South leader Robert Woodruff sued a company polluting the Coca-Cola bottling plant

b.

America’s clean air laws were established

c.

the judge ruled on the legality of dumping mining debris in water sources

d.

Woodruff, a mine employee, sued because of an injury

e.

the court ruled that open-pit mines were illegal in Michigan

a.

It used up what little water resources existed in the West.

b.

It entailed the removal of entire mountain ranges, which killed wildlife and changed the climate.

c.

It caused tons of dirt and debris to clog rivers, kill fish, and pollute downstream farmland.

d.

It caused the migration of wildlife like raccoons, bears, and deer into nearby big cities.

e.

This is a trick question. Hydraulic mining caused no significant environmental damage.

a.

to send in the army, under men such as George Custer, to break the morale of the Indians

b.

to systematically kill most of the buffalo

c.

to “Americanize” the Indians by offering them an education at the white man’s schools

d.

to persuade the Indians to live on out-of-the-way reservations

e.

to allow Indians to follow old traditions such as the Ghost Dance

a.

General George Custer’s troops defeated the Cherokee and Seminole Indians

b.

some 2,500 Indians annihilated a detachment of 210 soldiers

c.

Chief Red Cloud was captured and murdered

d.

Sioux and Cheyenne Indians won a large chunk of the Montana Territory, which they kept for fourteen years

e.

Sitting Bull scouted for the United States against his own people

a.

Apache

d.

Sioux

b.

Comanche

e.

Blackfeet

c.

Crow

a.

his people should resist white settlement to their very last man, woman, and child

b.

the time had come to stop fighting and put a stop to his people’s needless deaths

c.

White Americans offered a superior way of life

d.

magic would save his people from defeat

e.

a massive alliance of Indians offered one last chance to turn back American settlement

a.

the buffalo never disappeared from the plains

b.

whites actually hunted very few buffalo

c.

estimates of the buffalo population decline have since been shown to be exaggerated

d.

it ignores buffalo migration to Mexico and Canada

e.

it does not account for environmental factors, such as changes in climate and competition for forage with other animals

a.

would have remained a vibrant presence on the plains

b.

population would have increased to unsustainable levels

c.

would have been killed off by wolves

d.

population would still have experienced a devastating decline

e.

would have been domesticated like horses

a.

It affected American attitudes toward Indians in a way similar to how Uncle Tom’s Cabin mobilized the abolitionist movement a generation earlier.

b.

It provoked an intensification of efforts to exterminate the Native American population.

c.

It forced the New South to acknowledge racial equality.

d.

It mobilized black opinion to fight discrimination in the South.

e.

It inspired the preservationist movement by focusing attention on the decline of the buffalo.

a.

It was designed to sever ties the Native Americans had with Canada.

b.

It gave individual Indians up to 520 acres of land.

c.

It made the KKK illegal.

d.

It sought to “Americanize” Indians by dealing with them as individuals.

e.

It made Native Americans U.S. citizens.

a.

“we must kill the Indian in order to save the man”

b.

“the only good Indian is a dead one”

c.

“if we kill the bison, we control the Indians”

d.

“Indians must be removed from tribes in order to progress”

e.

“Many, if not most of our Indian wars have had their origin in broken promises and acts of injustice on our part”

a.

land was owned by all

b.

land was owned by the Indians

c.

land was part of the public domain

d.

land ownership had to be approved by Congress

e.

land was open to mining

a.

Abilene, Kansas

d.

Butte, Montana

b.

St. Louis, Missouri

e.

Denver, Colorado

c.

Fort Worth, Texas

a.

the destinations where cattle in the West were shipped

b.

the open ranges where cattle roamed free

c.

Indian trading depots where cattle were traded for other goods

d.

Chicago

e.

towns that grew up in the West as a result of the expanding cattle industry

a.

As the railroads increased the ability to ship huge numbers of western cattle, more cow towns were established in the West.

b.

The railroads enabled eastern cattle to be shipped west and feed the region’s growing population.

c.

The railroads opened up Mexico as a market for American meat.

d.

Cowboys from the eastern states could now travel to the West to apply their expertise.

e.

The railroads increased the industry’s profit margin by eliminating the need for cowboys.

a.

was a railroad man who reaped great profits from the early cattle drives

b.

perfected the invention of barbed wire

c.

made his fame as a buffalo hunter, slaughtering thousands of the animals

d.

led the sheep ranchers against the cattlemen for control of western grazing lands

e.

called for regulation of bonanza farms

a.

Indian encroachments on white lands

b.

the impact of the growing buffalo population on available cattle land

c.

the use of barbed-wire fences

d.

rancher conflicts with the U.S. military regarding enforcement of federal land laws

e.

conflicts over the proper roles and responsibilities for women engaged in ranching

a.

delivered herds to the slaughterhouses in Chicago

b.

were conducted by cowboys, twenty-five percent of whom were African Americans

c.

typically started from ranches in Kansas and Oklahoma

d.

caused the extinction of Texas longhorns

e.

almost always began in Montana and ended in Texas

a.

as common as racial prejudice

d.

perpetrated by Indians

b.

instigated by cattlemen

e.

not as bad as it sounds

c.

never very prominent

a.

because the big ranchers lobbied for it

b.

to encourage settlement of the western lands

c.

in order to encourage the railroads to build a transcontinental road out of the North

d.

to place Indians on reservations

e.

in order to build militias in Indian country

a.

the lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East

b.

farmers protested this development

c.

local lumber companies protested

d.

farmers could upgrade their houses

e.

Indians protested the arrival of this commodity

a.

saw the decline of the railroad

b.

made San Francisco the fastest growing city in the nation

c.

made Chicago the fastest growing city in the nation

d.

was also the decline of the agricultural industry

e.

also saw the rise in international trade

a.

cotton

d.

wheat

b.

rice

e.

cattle

c.

corn

a.

more equal partners than were their eastern counterparts

b.

have a mutual hatred for Native Americans

c.

come to an understanding that women would play a subservient role on the frontier

d.

realize their mistakes that led them to follow a very nomadic lifestyle

e.

mentally instable

a.

serving on juries

d.

getting married

b.

farming

e.

suing for divorce

c.

getting any education

a.

Indians still outnumbered whites in the West

b.

more people lived in big cities than in rural areas

c.

the frontier era in American development was over

d.

it would take several more generations to close the American West to settlement

e.

California had become the most populous state in the Union

a.

the frontier shaped America’s national character

b.

equality has always been this country’s leading ideal

c.

America’s culture is largely a copy of Europe’s

d.

the United States would become the world’s leading power

e.

America would have to find “new” Indians to conquer

a.

it argued the frontier was an insignificant force for American history

b.

it exaggerated the homogenizing effect of the frontier environment and virtually ignored the role of women

c.

it suggested the frontier could endure limitless expansion

d.

it claimed Indians did more to shape the frontier than white settlers

e.

it said the American frontier experience was identical to the experiences endured by all developed nations

a.

editor of the Atlanta Constitution

b.

made improved plow for plains farmers

c.

a livestock dealer who helped establish Abilene, Kansas, as the first successful cow town

d.

the foremost promoter of black migration to the West

e.

founded American Tobacco Company

f.

said that the Indian wars were the result of broken promises by Americans

g.

wrote that the frontier had shaped American national character

h.

led massacre of 200 Indians at Sand Creek

i.

barbed-wire promoter

j.

author of A Century of Dishonor