a.

sparked similar successful demonstrations throughout the South.

b.

did not end with integration of the Woolworth’s lunch counter.

c.

encountered a harsh reaction from Greensboro’s police force, which jailed the four ringleaders.

d.

was staged in one of the most notoriously racist cities of the South, where angry residents remained deeply committed to the racial divide.

a.

They had tried to avoid any encounter with the police as best they could.

b.

Too many police officers had infiltrated the civil rights movement.

c.

Most of the protesters came from privileged backgrounds and knew that they would get off easy.

d.

The very point of the protests was to illustrate the punitive nature of southern Jim Crow justice.

e.

Until that time, the police had had a reputation of being highly sympathetic to the civil rights movement.

a.

He could have arrested more of the protesters.

b.

He could have requested the National Guard from the governor of Alabama.

c.

He could have requested federal assistance from President John F. Kennedy.

d.

He could have allowed the protesters to march unimpeded.

e.

He could have organized a counter protest by the Ku Klux Klan.

a.

included various female speakers.

b.

included speeches with militant language.

c.

focused solely on economic justice.

d.

focused solely on a languishing civil rights bill.

e.

was a high point in black and white cooperation.

a.

call for a summit meeting between the two superpowers.

b.

increase military spending on ballistic missiles.

c.

suggest a ban on nuclear weapons.

d.

deploy combat troops to Vietnam.

e.

establish the Peace Corps.

a.

Both came from the conservative wing of the Democratic Party.

b.

Both had been high-ranking officers during the U.S. invasion of France in World War II.

c.

Both preferred the challenges of domestic policy rather than foreign affairs.

d.

Both tended to view the entire world through the lens of the Cold War.

e.

Both came from Massachusetts.

a.

the CIA failed in its mission.

b.

Eisenhower suspended trade with Cuba.

c.

the CIA restored Fulgencio Batista to power.

d.

a popular uprising of anti-Castro Cubans toppled Castro’s regime.

e.

Fidel Castro took over American landholdings.

a.

was built with the cooperation of West Germany and her western allies, who sought to improve relations with the Soviet Union.

b.

was torn down in 1989 by a group of Soviet protestors.

c.

was erected in 1961 by the Soviets to stem the rising tide of emigration from East Berlin to West Berlin.

d.

became an unlikely symbol of hope that one day the Cold War would end.

a.

The crisis was part of a dispute between the United States and the Soviet Union after a U.S. Navy vessel carrying nuclear warheads was intercepted off the coast of Turkey.

b.

The crisis erupted after U.S. spy planes discovered Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba.

c.

The standoff brought the United States to the brink of nuclear war with the Soviet Union.

d.

Kennedy was appalled that military leaders had discussed “winning” a nuclear war, prompting him to sign an above-ground nuclear test-ban treaty with the Soviets the following year.

a.

immediately addressed the demands of black activists.

b.

remained completely uninvolved.

c.

was reluctant to address the movement’s demands until 1963.

d.

instructed his brother Robert Kennedy to immediately enforce desegregation in the South.

e.

proposed a civil rights bill his first week in office.

a.

Selma-to-Birmingham March.

b.

March on Washington rally.

c.

King’s demonstrations in Birmingham.

d.

Greensboro sit-ins.

e.

Freedom Summer campaign.

a.

He saw how racial tensions divided his own family.

b.

He had personally witnessed the hardships of Jim Crow growing up.

c.

He did not think racial equality in the United States possible without reparations for slavery.

d.

He found racial discrimination incompatible with the United States’ claim for leadership of the free world.

e.

He considered civil rights an issue for women and gays as well as for African-Americans.

a.

He was willing to focus on Cold War issues the way Kennedy did not.

b.

He was free from the legacy of political compromise in Congress that had weakened Kennedy’s reputation.

c.

He had the charm and affability that the often-aloof Kennedy could not muster.

d.

He knew the meaning of poverty and racial injustice from his own life experiences.

e.

He lacked the political experience in Congress that made Kennedy such an effective president.

a.

prohibited racial discrimination in places of public accommodation, but not private accommodation.

b.

was seen by Lyndon Johnson as “a fitting memorial” to John F. Kennedy, after his assassination.

c.

did not include a ban on discrimination on the basis of “sex” until the original bill was amended two years later.

d.

prohibited racial discrimination in places of employment only.

a.

To bring national attention to the growing strength of Klan members in Mississippi.

b.

To register new black voters across the state of Mississippi.

c.

To address the failure of the Civil Rights Act to include a provision on voting rights in the South.

d.

To provide field experience for new recruits to CORE and SNCC.

e.

B and C

a.

very few white college students participated.

b.

only black activists participated in the voter registration campaign.

c.

signers of the Southern Manifesto launched a campaign against integration.

d.

a coalition of civil rights groups launched a voter registration drive in Mississippi.

e.

there was little violence.

a.

The MFDP had won local elections in Mississippi.

b.

The MFDP was the white supremacist delegation sent to New Jersey by white Mississippians.

c.

The MFDP had received a personal invitation from the family of the deceased President John F. Kennedy.

d.

The MFDP challenged the state’s Democratic Party’s claim that it represented Mississippi fairly.

e.

The MFDP organized white supremacists in Mississippi unhappy with Lyndon Johnson’s civil rights plank.

a.

the New Deal welfare state.

d.

the proliferation of private charities.

b.

the nuclear weapons buildup.

e.

large corporations.

c.

the military-industrial complex.

a.

increased taxes to balance the budget.

b.

an immediate pullout from Vietnam.

c.

a reduction in governmental regulations.

d.

racial equality in the United States.

e.

a less aggressive approach to the Cold War.

a.

marked a departure from the radical conservatism of William Buckley.

b.

did not find traction among midwestern and eastern transplants to southern California.

c.

was strongly embraced by the Young Americans for Freedom.

d.

essentially ended with his landslide defeat in the 1964 presidential election.

a.

SNCC.

d.

SDS.

b.

YAF.

e.

NAACP.

c.

CORE.

a.

It was partly the result of the Selma to Montgomery civil rights march where participants were brutally assaulted by police.

b.

It upheld the right of county officials to oversee black voter registration in cases where provided for by local statute.

c.

It empowered federal officials to oversee voter registration.

d.

It was strongly endorsed by President Johnson.

a.

The color of their skin.

b.

Their proficiency in English.

c.

Their anticommunist credentials.

d.

Their family ties to U.S. citizens or other immigrants.

e.

Their experience in counterinsurgency operations.

a.

was first proposed by Richard Nixon as a means to gain support of congressional Democrats during Eisenhower’s second term.

b.

was not a part of Johnson’s Great Society agenda.

c.

concentrated on equipping the poor with skills and rebuilding their spirit and motivation.

d.

guaranteed an annual income for most Americans.

a.

Its overwhelming success suggested that restoring Americans’ economic security was ultimately more important than securing their civil rights.

b.

It cemented Lyndon B. Johnson’s reputation as one of the most popular presidents in American history.

c.

It transformed the condition of life in poor urban neighborhoods.

d.

It helped significantly reduce America’s incidence of poverty.

a.

The Department of Defense deployed regular army units to suppress these uprisings.

b.

African-American rioters often had received military training in Cuba and Venezuela.

c.

Urban blacks saw the predominantly white police force as an occupying army.

d.

Rioters frequently employed weapons otherwise only used in military combat operations.

e.

Riot squads were organized by the Department of Defense.

a.

the integration of public housing.

b.

equal access to mortgages.

c.

an end to discrimination by employers and unions.

d.

voter registration of black citizens.

e.

construction of low-income housing.

a.

supported integration efforts.

b.

worked with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference.

c.

insisted that blacks have economic and political autonomy.

d.

felt that the Black Power movement went too far.

e.

was inspired by the efforts of Booker T. Washington.

a.

The interracial harmony he witnessed among Muslims in Saudi Arabia.

b.

The tragedy of Martin Luther King Jr.’s assassination.

c.

The goodwill displayed by white college students of the new left movement.

d.

The progressive legislation pushed by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

e.

The anti-war protests of college students.

a.

frustrations over the federal government’s failure to stop violence against civil rights workers.

b.

white workers’ attempts to determine the civil rights movement’s strategy.

c.

the civil rights movement’s failure to have any impact on the economic problems of black ghettos.

d.

the growing ideas of racial self-assertion and black self-determination.

e.

the passage of the Civil Rights Act.

a.

repudiated the notion of “black power” and worked for reconciliation between the divided factions of SNCC and CORE.

b.

provided education and healthcare to urban residents.

c.

unlike other black militant groups of the era, did not suffer from internal dissension.

d.

became a target of the FBI and California police.

e.

B and D

a.

The willingness to address poverty.

b.

The reluctance of companies to recognize unions.

c.

The commitment to legislate on behalf of Social Security.

d.

The practice of true participatory democracy.

e.

A concern about the threat of monopoly in industrial capitalism.

a.

failed in its efforts to establish free speech on college campuses.

b.

began in Berkeley to protest a campus ban on political groups convening and distributing literature at a central meeting place.

c.

began in Los Angeles to protest a campus ban on political literature.

d.

began in Port Huron to protest a campus ban on political literature.

e.

had little support among college-age students at the time.

a.

Diem had the support of his people, which pointed to an eventual South Vietnamese victory over the communists.

b.

By 1963, Diem’s forces had regained much of the Vietnamese countryside from the outnumbered Viet Cong.

c.

Presidents Kennedy and Johnson feared losing Vietnam to communism.

d.

U.S. officials were caught by surprise when a military coup led to Diem’s death.

a.

was a nonbinding measure that passed both the House and Senate calling for peace negotiations between North and South Vietnam.

b.

was opposed by the majority of lawmakers in Congress.

c.

authorized a ground invasion of U.S. troops into North Vietnam.

.

authorized the president to take “all necessary measures to repel armed attack” in Vietnam.

a.

was less than in 1965.

b.

was decreasing as the peace process accelerated.

c.

exceeded half a million as the war became more brutal.

d.

was reduced, as President Johnson considered running for another term.

e.

was of little concern to most Americans.

a.

attracted only draft-age males.

b.

was of little interest to civil-rights activists.

c.

never built a mass constituency.

d.

had little impact on public opinion.

e.

challenged the foundations of Cold War thinking.

a.

The counterculture extended the concept of individual choice into every realm of life.

b.

The counterculture made mass consumption more affordable for college students.

c.

The counterculture revived the concept of free competition and innovation.

d.

The counterculture extended the privilege of consumption and leisure to the young.

e.

Members of the counterculture were the primary consumers of new technology.

a.

The Second Vatican Council had sanctioned birth control.

b.

The Cuban Revolution had inspired neighboring nations.

c.

Kennedy’s Alliance for Progress was bearing fruit.

d.

The Cuban Missile Crisis had shattered the region’s complacency.

e.

Reform in the Catholic Church had inspired social justice activists.

a.

focused on the plight of working-class women.

b.

emphasized the role of child rearing for women.

c.

focused on the discontents of middle-class women.

d.

focused on the particular plight of black women.

e.

emphasized the role women played in the antiwar movement.

a.

an end to the mass media’s false image of women.

b.

equal job opportunities for women.

c.

equal educational opportunities.

d.

equal opportunities in politics.

e.

an end to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.

a.

was a single-issue movement that argued for equal pay for equal work.

b.

was a movement born of other movements where female activists had experienced discriminatory treatment from their male counterparts.

c.

remained a tiny, fringe movement because of its radical tactics, including “consciousness-raising” sessions and a takeover of the 1968 Miss America Pageant.

d.

B and C

a.

The women’s movement included members of the middle class as well as the working class.

b.

The women’s movement included men and women.

c.

The women’s movement included African-Americans, Mexican-Americans, and Anglo-Americans.

d.

The women’s movement took the protest for social justice to the streets.

e.

The women’s movement brought considerations of power and justice inside the family.

a.

gay men and lesbians divided into two separate political movements.

b.

the gay liberation movement came to an end.

c.

prejudice against lesbians ended.

d.

a militant gay liberation movement was born.

e.

prejudice against gay men increased.

a.

the bracero program.

d.

Carlos Bulosan.

b.

Cesar Chavez.

e.

the Border Patrol.

c.

Mario Savio.

a.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

b.

United Farm Workers.

c.

Mattachine Society.

d.

Redstockings.

e.

NAACP.

a.

was in opposition to the Red Power movement.

b.

demanded the end of the tribal system.

c.

demanded greater tribal self-government.

d.

urged all Indians to leave their reservations.

e.

demanded greater federal control of the reservation system.

a.

environmental movement.

d.

conservative movement.

b.

feminist movement.

e.

Indian movement.

c.

gay liberation movement.

a.

suspects could refuse to cooperate with police.

b.

local elections could be monitored by federal officials.

c.

state laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

d.

those in police custody had certain rights.

e.

school prayer was unconstitutional.

a.

suspects could not refuse to cooperate with police.

b.

local elections could be monitored by federal officials.

c.

states must permit interracial marriage.

d.

those in police custody had certain rights.

e.

school prayer was unconstitutional.

a.

created a woman’s constitutional right to an abortion.

b.

was the least controversial piece of the rights revolution.

c.

provoked little opposition.

d.

declared school prayer was unconstitutional.

e.

legalized birth control.

a.

while in Memphis, supporting a garbage workers’ strike.

b.

as he launched the Poor People’s Campaign in Dallas.

c.

and while the nation mourned his death, there was no violence.

d.

and congressional support for the Open Housing Act was declined.

e.

and no one was ever charged for the crime.

a.

Great Society

b.

Unsafe at Any Speed

c.

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

d.

National Farm Worker’s Association

e.

Free Speech movement

f.

supporter of Black Power movement

g.

Bay of Pigs

h.

The Other America

i.

founder of NOW

j.

Nation of Islam

k.

SDS leader

l.

University of Mississippi

m.

interracial marriage

a.

SDS

b.

Richard Nixon’s voter base

c.

a congressional blank check

d.

outlawed the poll tax

e.

freedom of the press

f.

Young Americans for Freedom

g.

University of California at Berkeley

h.

young American volunteers to help abroad

i.

aid for Latin America

j.

environmental movement

k.

protection of the right to abortion

l.

voter registration drive

m.

women’s health