a.

It typified New Deal public-works programs designed to keep natural resources in public rather than private control

b.

Its result, the Grand Coulee Dam, eventually produced the cheapest electricity in the nation.

c.

It promoted economic growth and provided jobs.

d.

It’s consideration of environmental impact (such as accommodation for fish) became a model for future dam projects on western rivers.

a.

limited government and free market enterprise.

b.

active government to uplift less fortunate members of society.

c.

a trust in the government to regulate personal behavior.

d.

individual autonomy, limited government, and unregulated capitalism.

e.

workers’ ownership of the means of production.

a.

FDR boldly outlined his plans for a New Deal.

b.

Herbert Hoover made a late rally and nearly defeated Roosevelt.

c.

FDR played on his disability to garner public sympathy and to make himself seem more like an ordinary man.

d.

FDR called for a balanced government and criticized Hoover for excessive government spending.

e.

Herbert Hoover apologized to the American public for failing them and promised to repeal Prohibition if reelected.

a.

the “Brain Trust” saw big corporations as an inevitable part of the modern economy.

b.

the “Brain Trust” believed that large corporations needed to be directed by the government.

c.

the “Brain Trust” included university professors.

d.

their economic views defined the “First New Deal.”

e.

the “Brain Trust” believed that large corporations needed to be dismantled.

a.

By being less discriminatory in their hiring practices.

b.

By investing less overseas.

c.

By increasing their workers’ wages.

d.

By paying their taxes.

e.

By letting go of their patents.

a.

housing crisis.

d.

unemployment crisis.

b.

farming crisis.

e.

tariff crisis.

c.

banking crisis.

a.

It took on the debt of commercial banks to ensure their solvency and financial health.

b.

It established a gold standard to shore up the strength of the American dollar.

c.

It banned commercial banks from involvement in buying and selling stocks, and set up the FDIC.

d.

It proved to be a temporary financial measure that did not survive beyond the Great Depression.

a.

was never passed.

b.

established codes that set standards for production, prices, and wages in several industries.

c.

established codes that continued the open-shop policies of the 1920s.

d.

encouraged “cutthroat” competition between businesses.

e.

was an economic policy later adopted successfully in Hitler’s Germany.

a.

was created during the “Second New Deal.”

b.

was headed by Hugh S. Johnson.

c.

put young women to work in schools.

d.

put older workers back to work.

e.

put young men to work in national parks.

a.

FDR was not concerned that direct relief payments to the jobless would undermine self-reliance.

b.

FDR preferred to create jobs that improved the nation’s infrastructure.

c.

FDR was at odds with most of his cabinet and the majority of Congress over the Economy Act.

d.

FDR opposed the CCC, fearing its goals of unemployment relief and environmental enhancement were too ambitious for his first one hundred days in office.

a.

applied only to the American West.

b.

put young men to work in national parks.

c.

applied only to the state of Tennessee.

d.

combined economic regional planning with relief.

e.

was created during the “Second New Deal.”

a.

Its head Harold Ickes had become embroiled in a corruption scandal.

b.

The CWA had worked so efficiently that it ran out of projects by the end of 1935.

c.

Regular Americans were complaining that they failed to see the benefits of this works program.

d.

Complaints multiplied that this measure was contributing to a permanent class of government dependents.

e.

It had been established by his predecessor Herbert Hoover.

a.

raised farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers not to plant more.

b.

lowered farm prices by establishing quotas and paying farmers to grow more.

c.

was beneficial to sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

d.

established a government program of distributing food to the hungry.

e.

was limited to the West Coast.

a.

It reduced the nation’s unemployment rate by 80%.

b.

It saw more failure than success, in terms of job creation and infrastructure improvement.

c.

It faced very little challenge from critics across a broad spectrum of American society.

d.

It was essentially a set of policy experiments that had mixed results.

a.

Securities and Exchange Commission and Public Works Administration.

b.

National Recovery Administration and Civilian Conservation Corps.

c.

Glass-Steagall Act and Agricultural Adjustment Act.

d.

Fair Labor Standards Act and National Recovery Administration.

e.

Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration.

a.

had ended the Depression.

b.

had the full support of the Supreme Court.

c.

was validated in the United States v. Butler decision.

d.

faced mounting pressures and criticism.

e.

was declared unconstitutional.

a.

Workers’ militancy and the tactical skills of a new generation of leaders.

b.

The government’s unsympathetic view of workers’ rights.

c.

The minimal amount of labor unrest during the 1930s.

d.

The American Federation of Labor’s willingness to organize unions of industrial workers.

e.

The United Auto Workers’ opposition to sit-down strikes.

a.

A federal government more sympathetic to the plight of oppressed workers.

b.

Fear that Roosevelt would advocate for welfare capitalism rather than collective bargaining.

c.

Hope for an end to the miniature dictatorships of factory managers and owners.

d.

Less support for industrial strikes that might cripple America’s economic recovery.

e.

A and C

a.

They wanted to participate in management decisions.

b.

They were hoping that the economic crisis could be the beginning of a socialist revolution.

c.

They generally preferred government employment over jobs with private businesses.

d.

They were hoping to establish a set of basic civil liberties for workers.

e.

Their wages were already so high that they had to find a new agenda to fight for.

a.

shorter hours.

d.

industrial democracy.

b.

freedom of speech.

e.

equal pay for equal work.

c.

better wages.

a.

The Democratic governor used force against the workers.

b.

The workers were disunited.

c.

The workers failed to get General Motors to negotiate.

d.

The workers stayed inside the plants and kept the machines in working order.

e.

The UAW were the first to use sit-down tactics.

a.

Huey Long and Upton Sinclair generated movements of popular protest that helped spark the Second New Deal.

b.

The popular followings of Upton Sinclair, Huey Long, and Dr. Francis Townsend reflected the unhappiness of many Americans over the slowness of economic recovery.

c.

Dr. Francis Townsend’s idea to have the elderly receive monthly government payments was uniformly rejected and died very quickly.

d.

Huey Long met his death in 1935 from an assassin’s bullet.

a.

was head of the CIO.

b.

worked for the New Deal administration.

c.

was head of the End Poverty in California movement.

d.

was elected governor of California in 1934.

e.

was elected senator from California in 1934.

a.

led by Dr. Francis Townsend and directed at Americans over the age of sixty.

b.

led by Henry Ford and directed at auto manufacturers.

c.

led by Father Charles E. Coughlin and directed at Catholics.

d.

led by Louisiana senator Huey Long and gained a national following.

e.

introduced by Franklin Roosevelt as part of the New Deal.

a.

had little influence on American public views about politics.

b.

helped pave the way for the use of broadcast media to disseminate religious messages in the twentieth century.

c.

was characterized by Father Charles E. Coughlin, whose show criticizing government economic intervention amounted to a “holy crusade” in support of big business and Wall Street bankers.

d.

replaced traveling evangelist preachers.

a.

focused on economic security.

d.

focused on civil liberties.

b.

focused on economic relief.

e.

included no new taxes.

c.

focused on business recovery.

a.

Agricultural reform.

b.

Social Security reform.

c.

The regulation of the stock market.

d.

Efforts at general business recovery.

e.

Pushing for the unionization of the nation’s labor force.

a.

It refused employment to professionals such as dentists.

b.

It put 3 million Americans to work every year until 1943.

c.

Its construction projects included airports, swimming pools, and stadiums.

d.

It employed people to write state guidebooks and record stories of former slaves.

a.

created the Works Progress Administration.

b.

allowed the National Labor Relations Board to supervise union elections.

c.

sponsored ballet and modern dance programs.

d.

made all unions illegal.

e.

affected only government employees.

a.

Social Security.

b.

Federal Housing Administration.

c.

The Wagner Act.

d.

The Works Progress Administration.

e.

The Security and Exchange Commission.

a.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) helped small tenant farmers like those living in the Dust Bowl.

b.

The first New Deal dealt mostly with economic security.

c.

The New Deal championed civil rights and actively worked at ending Jim Crow.

d.

The Second New Deal dealt mostly with economic recovery.

e.

Social Security was a Second New Deal program.

a.

was originally vetoed by President Roosevelt.

b.

was adopted from the British welfare system.

c.

provided federal funding for the poor and needy.

d.

included pensions and unemployment relief.

e.

covered all workers in industry and agriculture.

a.

It included aid to families with dependent children.

b.

It was original in its concept and design.

c.

Congress dropped the provision for national health insurance from the original bill.

d.

It created a system of unemployment insurance.

e.

Its coverage excluded most blacks from the program.

a.

He described it as the “foundation of social justice.”

b.

He rejected it as a violation of his own socialist principles.

c.

He dismissed it as an un-American idea “from the welfare states of Europe.”

d.

He denounced it as a service to the interest of “the privileged few.”

e.

He compared it to the civil right to marry whom you love.

a.

economic security.

d.

economic inequality.

b.

cuts in government spending.

e.

laissez-faire economics.

c.

Keynesian economic theory.

a.

Roosevelt chose not to run again.

b.

business leaders supported the Democratic Party.

c.

the so-called New Deal coalition reelected FDR in a landslide.

d.

the Republican candidate Alfred Landon promised to expand Social Security.

e.

the Republican candidate Alfred Landon almost won.

a.

His traditional urban Catholic constituency considered him too radical.

b.

The Republican establishment thought him too much like Roosevelt for their taste.

c.

He had made the mistake of relying on the organizational skills of the conservative AFL.

d.

He faced a powerful new political coalition which would deliver Republicans plenty of defeats for the next few decades.

e.

As a Kansas native, he stood little chance of winning the hearts and minds of Americans in the coastal population centers.

a.

He feared the Supreme Court might invalidate the Wagner and Social Security acts.

b.

He was worried about being able to run for a third term as president.

c.

He needed the Court’s support for upcoming war measures against Germany.

d.

He feared that the Supreme Court might invalidate the National Recovery Act or the Agricultural Adjustment Act.

e.

He feared that the Supreme Court might deem sit-down strikes unconstitutional.

a.

Changing sentiments in the United States Supreme Court led to the erosion of the Wagner Act.

b.

The newfound resolve of the United States Supreme Court meant a restoration of the National Recovery Act.

c.

The new lineup in the United States meant that Roosevelt had to abandon plans for universal health care.

d.

The new political climate in the United States Supreme Court meant that a federal child labor ban could stand constitutional muster.

e.

A chastised Supreme Court began to focus on securing constitutional protections for a burgeoning civil rights movement.

a.

it banned goods produced by child labor from interstate commerce.

b.

it established the fifty-hour workweek.

c.

it set the minimum wage.

d.

it required overtime pay.

e.

it regulated working conditions.

a.

Balanced budgets were sacred.

b.

A bimetallic standard was superior to the gold standard.

c.

Depressions typically emerged from a consumer’s crisis of confidence.

d.

A national economy always benefited from a trade surplus.

e.

Deficits are not a problem, as long as they don’t enlarge national debt.

a.

Very traditional.

b.

Modest goals, spoke softly about one or two appropriately feminine issues.

c.

Championed the cause of children’s health care, but stuck only to that issue.

d.

Worked hard for her husband, as he was confined to the wheelchair, but did not take up any causes of her own.

e.

Redefined the role of First Lady, championing women’s rights, civil rights, and human rights.

a.

Eleanor Roosevelt’s leadership helped bring about a revival of organized feminism.

b.

Since women in domestic service were less often fired than blue-collar male workers, feminists earned much public sympathy.

c.

Given the broad consensus that the job claims of male providers superseded women’s, organized feminism essentially disappeared.

d.

The sense of failure men experienced in the workplace prompted many of them to turn to women and feminists for leadership.

e.

The women-friendly policies of the WPA, CCC, and CWA gave women’s claim for equal pay a boost.

a.

Southern states had an enormous impact on national policy during the Depression.

b.

New Deal programs largely benefited whites at the expense of blacks.

c.

Blacks lost the right to vote across the South.

d.

To maintain support in Congress, Roosevelt pursued legislation acceptable to southern Democrats.

a.

Only a very few Americans actually needed government assistance during the Great Depression.

b.

Black workers were relegated to the least generous assistance programs with discriminatory eligibility standards administered by states.

c.

New Deal work programs helped restore economic prosperity relatively quickly, leaving only the least qualified long-term unemployed behind.

d.

By the middle of the 1930s, more and more Americans came to associate New Deal assistance programs with similar government help offered in Nazi Germany.

e.

Despite his successes, Roosevelt remained deeply unpopular with Americans, who hated themselves for depending on his programs.

a.

It ended the policy of forced assimilation.

b.

It allowed Indians cultural autonomy.

c.

It continued the policy of the Dawes Act.

d.

It replaced boarding schools with schools on reservations.

e.

It failed to allow reservations access to irrigated water from the Grand Coulee Dam.

a.

They sought exile in the Soviet Union where they hoped economic planning would bring about prosperity more quickly.

b.

They returned to their home countries in Europe, frustrated with the lack of economic opportunity in the United States.

c.

Some children had little choice as they went with their Mexican-born parents to Mexico.

d.

These Americans often traveled to Latin America, trying to promote the policies of the New Deal.

e.

They deeply resented the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

a.

The Wagner Act excluded African-Americans.

b.

The Federal Housing Administration refused to ensure mortgages in integrated neighborhoods.

c.

The abolition of the gold standard penalized more traditional family savings in bullion.

d.

The Security and Exchange Commission was staffed entirely by Anglo-Americans.

e.

Franklin D. Roosevelt introduced segregation to Washington D.C., and eliminated blacks from all positions of responsibility in the federal government.

a.

was the Democratic Party’s campaign slogan in the 1930s.

b.

was a conservative challenge to New Deal liberalism.

c.

was a political and cultural movement associated with the Communist Party.

d.

was created when the Communist Party was absorbed by the Democrats.

e.

arose in response to the rise of fascism in America.

a.

reflected the racism that was prevalent in the South during the 1930s.

b.

was refused a hearing by the Supreme Court.

c.

was publicized by the Industrial Workers of the World.

d.

established legal principles that greatly restricted the definition of civil liberties.

e.

represented progress in the cause of civil rights for African-Americans.

a.

was part of the expanded notion of civil liberties under the New Deal.

b.

included liberals and unionists in its definition of “un-American.”

c.

focused on fascism and ultranationalists.

d.

focused on racism and white supremacy in the South.

e.

focused only on communists.

a.

New Deal programs.

d.

Laissez-faire government.

b.

The rebound of the stock market.

e.

A bailout by J. P. Morgan.

c.

World War II spending.

a.

as a set of public policy initiatives that did not result in sustained prosperity.

b.

as more powerful in scope than future European welfare states.

c.

for recasting the idea of American freedom to include a public guarantee of economic security for ordinary people.

d.

as the key factor in Franklin D. Roosevelt’s deep unpopularity with the majority of the American people by 1940.

e.

A and C

a.

end poverty in California

b.

black educator

c.

Secretary of the Interior

d.

CIO

e.

Commissioner of Indian Affairs

f.

Secretary of Labor

g.

Popular Front dancer

h.

Republican presidential candidate

i.

Court-packing plan

j.

wrote about migrant workers

k.

“Share Our Wealth” movement

l.

organized a Marian Anderson concert

a.

investigated disloyalty

b.

hydroelectric project

c.

International Labor Defense

d.

radio address

e.

large and active government

f.

drought-struck area around Oklahoma and Texas

g.

Roosevelt’s first action

h.

recognized labor unions

i.

communists

j.

minimum retirement program

k.

blue eagle

l.

relief for young men