a.

indecisive

b.

sunny and optimistic

c.

humorless

d.

to be a deep thinker and expert on the details of policy

e.

capable of getting Congress to pass a liberal reform program

a.

opposed Ford for the nomination in 1976

b.

led opposition to Roosevelt in the 1930s

c.

served in the Senate from California in the late 1960s

d.

campaigned for Eisenhower in the 1950s

e.

made a television speech for Goldwater in 1964

a.

was invaluable in a television age

b.

was irrelevant once he entered politics

c.

had been limited to a few performances on radio

d.

helped him master policy details

e.

caused conservative Christians to view him with suspicion given the immorality of Hollywood

a.

the growth of the Hispanic population

b.

the baby boomers reaching retirement age

c.

the declining percentage of people who went to church

d.

population growth in the South and the West

e.

the growing number of Americans with graduate degrees

a.

Pat Robertson

b.

John Osteen

c.

Billy Graham

d.

Jerry Falwell

e.

Oral Roberts

a.

science teachers

b.

Californians

c.

Southern Baptists

d.

college-educated women

e.

Episcopalians

a.

supported its conservative social values

b.

was active in his church as a deacon

c.

had memorized large sections of the Bible

d.

was a model family man

e.

was such a gifted actor

a.

helped defeat the equal-rights amendment

b.

succeeded in keeping abortion illegal

c.

believed Ronald Reagan was too liberal

d.

believed in total separation of politics and religion

e.

voted about equally for Democrats and Republicans

a.

bailing out ailing banks and industries

b.

putting millions to work on government construction projects

c.

balancing the federal budget

d.

returning the country to the gold standard

e.

cutting taxes

a.

southerners

b.

working-class Democrats

c.

suburbanites

d.

churchgoers

e.

moderate Republicans

a.

the New Deal

b.

Eisenhower’s “modern Republicanism”

c.

the Republican tax-reduction program of the 1920s

d.

Henry Clay’s American System

e.

Theodore Roosevelt’s New Nationalism

a.

poverty levels

b.

defense spending

c.

budget deficits

d.

cuts in social programs

e.

tax revenues

a.

became a vital part of Reagan’s political coalition

b.

managed to dramatically elevate wages

c.

finally began to gain strength in the South

d.

suffered steady declines in membership

e.

remained generally popular with the public

a.

a close and trusted ally

b.

militarily weak

c.

a source of global stability

d.

an evil adversary

e.

capable of becoming more democratic while remaining Communist

a.

was inspired by a science-fiction movie

b.

forced the Soviets to spend extensively to keep pace

c.

made the United States invulnerable to attack

d.

involved the United States’s building even more powerful nuclear weapons

e.

went into operation in outer space in 1984

a.

El Salvador

b.

Honduras

c.

Guatemala

d.

Costa Rica

e.

Panama

a.

sign a free-trade agreement with the United States

b.

moderate their views and become democratic

c.

become a model for the rest of Central America

d.

give the United States land for military and naval bases

e.

be overthrown by the Contras

a.

had become a model of Middle East stability and democracy

b.

expelled Palestinian radicals and recognized Israel

c.

became an anarchic battleground for warring factions

d.

cut off oil sales to the United States to protest Reagan’s pro-Israel policies

e.

was regularly sending troops into northern Israel

a.

froze Lebanese assets in the United States

b.

soon pulled out the remaining Marines

c.

declared war on Islamic terrorists

d.

began to reassess U.S. support of Israel

e.

ignored what had happened

a.

a dangerous U.S.-Soviet confrontation

b.

massive antiwar protests across America

c.

a big drop in Reagan’s approval ratings

d.

an easy American victory

e.

the commitment of UN forces just as in Korea

a.

a robustly growing economy

b.

the collapse of the Soviet Union

c.

that the Democrats were deeply divided

d.

surpluses in the federal budget

e.

the support he received from minorities and organized labor

a.

picked a woman as a running mate

b.

promised to raise taxes

c.

described Reagan as a lunatic and a liar

d.

appeared to be soft on communism

e.

criticized Reagan’s handling of the economy

a.

raise taxes

b.

work with Communists

c.

lie to the American people

d.

negotiate with terrorists

e.

needlessly send troops into battle

a.

finance the Nicaraguan Contras

b.

enrich himself and some corrupt friends

c.

buy new weapons for the Marine Corps

d.

contribute to Republicans

e.

pay for the release of American hostages

a.

Congress for cutting off funds to the Contras

b.

Reagan’s detached and lax management style

c.

the Iranians for luring the United States into the arms deal

d.

Secretary of State George Shultz

e.

the psychiatric problems of Oliver North

a.

the number of homeless people

b.

military spending

c.

personal savings

d.

all kinds of debt

e.

Reagan’s personal popularity ratings

a.

caused a depression

b.

continued for years to follow

c.

affected only the United States

d.

caused Reagan to further reduce taxes

e.

in percentage terms, was the worst in American history

a.

Reagan supporters

b.

formerly wealthy

c.

mentally ill

d.

easy to lift out of homelessness

e.

receiving large welfare payments

a.

caught it through casual personal contact

b.

could be cured with prompt treatment

c.

were in monogamous relationships

d.

soon died

e.

were put in government detention centers

a.

pour money into medical research

b.

give away condoms and clean hypodermic needles

c.

urge all Americans to get a vaccination

d.

crack down on people having sex outside of marriage

e.

largely ignore it as a “gay” disease

a.

Mikhail Gorbachev

b.

Vladimir Putin

c.

Nikita Khrushchev

d.

Boris Yeltsin

e.

Leonid Brezhnev

a.

conventional weapons

b.

intermediate-range nuclear missiles

c.

submarine-based missiles

d.

long-range nuclear missiles

e.

anti-missile systems in outer space

a.

Ukraine

b.

Cuba

c.

Eastern Europe

d.

Turkey

e.

Afghanistan

a.

dramatically shrunk the federal government’s size

b.

abolished the Department of Education

c.

privatized Social Security

d.

restored American confidence

e.

fulfilled the religious right’s agenda on issues such as school prayer

a.

director of the CIA

b.

vice president

c.

envoy to China

d.

ambassador to the United Nations

e.

secretary of the Treasury

a.

portraying the Democrat, Dukakis, as a liberal

b.

saying how much he would change Reagan’s policies

c.

promising to be flexible on tax policy

d.

carrying most regions except for the South

e.

promising to get tough on the Russians

a.

pursue his own ambitious legislative agenda

b.

wipe out the Democratic opposition

c.

consolidate Reagan’s policies and achievements

d.

be a Kennedy-like inspirational leader

e.

establish a dynasty of Bushes in the White House

a.

the United States lost its ability to obtain credit

b.

double-digit inflation returned

c.

the United States had to reduce its involvement in global affairs

d.

members of Congress had to reduce their own salaries

e.

Bush had to recommend tax increases

a.

illiteracy

b.

homelessness

c.

drugs

d.

racism

e.

crime

a.

was brutally crushed by the government

b.

was the major inspiration for reforms in the Soviet Union

c.

received the military support of the United States

d.

toppled that country’s Communist government

e.

inspired China’s leaders to allow a freer press

a.

East Germany

b.

Poland

c.

Hungary

d.

Czechoslovakia

e.

Romania

a.

Soviet military intervention in East Germany

b.

the threat of war in Central Europe

c.

the formal dissolution of NATO

d.

Germany’s reunification

e.

the Communists constructing an even stronger one

a.

Gorbachev’s assassination

b.

a failed Communist coup

c.

revolution in the Baltic republics

d.

the collapse of the Soviet economy

e.

Gorbachev’s reelection

a.

Mikhail Gorbachev

b.

Vladimir Putin

c.

Boris Yeltsin

d.

Dimitri Medvedev

e.

Andrei Sakharov

a.

remained firmly under Communist control despite communism’s collapse in Eastern Europe

b.

had fallen apart

c.

still had the world’s largest nuclear arsenal

d.

enjoyed a booming economy due to trade with the United States

e.

was torn by civil war

a.

Communist leanings

b.

threat to shut down the Panama Canal

c.

aggressive actions toward its Central American neighbors

d.

involvement in the drug trade

e.

boycott of banana shipments to the United States

a.

cutting off foreign aid to Panama

b.

funding his political opposition

c.

ordering a military invasion to arrest him

d.

having Panama expelled from the United Nations

e.

persuading him to change his policies

a.

Saudi Arabia

b.

Iran

c.

Egypt

d.

Israel

e.

Kuwait

a.

a coalition of over thirty nations

b.

the United States and Britain alone

c.

an army comprised of Arab soldiers

d.

China and the Soviet Union

e.

Israel and India

a.

massive American casualties

b.

the United States’s capturing of Baghdad

c.

Saddam Hussein remaining in power

d.

trench warfare

e.

Bush’s guaranteed reelection

a.

championed women’s roles as wives and mothers

b.

was the Republican vice-presidential candidate in 1980

c.

led the Moral Majority

d.

was the former governor of California

e.

was appointed “drug czar”

f.

was the main actor in Iran-Contra affair

g.

was a Supreme Court justice

h.

was the Democratic presidential candidate in 1988

i.

was a vice-presidential candidate in 1984

j.

said, “[My opponent] will raise taxes, and so will I. He won’t tell you. I just did”