a.

the value of manufactures increased sixfold

b.

farm production declined

c.

average wages and earnings declined

d.

fewer women and children worked

e.

innovation in business remained stagnant

a.

implementing high tariffs

b.

providing land to expand railroads

c.

providing cash to finance railroads

d.

providing prison labor to railroad companies

e.

building steel factories

a.

the Appalachian Mountains presented great engineering problems

b.

Congress refused to consider federal subsidies for a private railroad

c.

the technologies for building long tunnels through the Rockies did not exist

d.

many southern states used the states’ rights argument to reject federal aid for railroads

e.

North–South sectional differences prevented Congress from selecting a route

a.

was completed in 1885

b.

was built by the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific Railroads

c.

followed a southern route through Texas and the Arizona and New Mexico territories

d.

led to the bankruptcy of “Commodore” Vanderbilt

e.

was built in just sixteen months

a.

higher wages

b.

shorter hours

c.

restrictions on child labor

d.

temperance

e.

social justice

a.

J. P. Morgan

b.

John D. Rockefeller

c.

Andrew Carnegie

d.

Thomas Scott

e.

Alexander Graham Bell

a.

outweighed, in economic importance, the California gold rush of a decade before

b.

gave J. Pierpont Morgan his start in business

c.

ended the monopoly in petroleum production that Oklahoma had enjoyed for a quarter of a century

d.

began in 1889

e.

illustrated to many Americans that a dependence on oil might prove problematic in the future

a.

Its scientists found new technical processes for refining oil more efficiently.

b.

It bought out the Erie Railroad in order to keep transportation charges low.

c.

It was one of the first companies to invest heavily in advertising.

d.

Rockefeller was lucky to find the highest quality oil on his Ohio farm.

e.

Its corporate structure—known as vertical integration—allowed the company to grow tremendously.

a.

are firms that control the stock of other companies

b.

were outlawed in New Jersey in 1888

c.

allowed J. Pierpont Morgan to build a monopoly in the oil shipping business

d.

were declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1868

e.

were firms where union membership was required

a.

used much of the fortune he inherited from his father to drill his first oil well

b.

paid almost $500 million for J. Pierpont Morgan’s railroad interests

c.

made money in many areas, including oil, railroads, iron and steel, and bridge building

d.

got his start working at Standard Oil

e.

lost his company to J. P. Morgan because Carnegie was soft on labor

a.

oil

b.

railroads

c.

steel

d.

telephone

e.

telegraph

a.

first successful incandescent light bulb

b.

air brake for trains

c.

(heavier-than-air) airplane

d.

telephone

e.

mechanized cotton textile weaver

a.

promote it

b.

have technical expertise in it

c.

sell it

d.

know how to organize a steel company

e.

hire and otherwise deal with employees

a.

National Bell Telephone

b.

Northern Pacific Railroad

c.

Standard Oil

d.

United States Steel

e.

Pullman Palace Car

a.

the poor were getting poorer

b.

everyone was getting rich

c.

a lot of other people were at least better off

d.

there were no disparities in the distribution of wealth

e.

rags-to-riches stories abounded

a.

were named for the daughter of George Maguire, the owner of a Pennsylvania coal field

b.

accomplished their goals of better wages and working conditions for miners through peaceful arbitration

c.

offered the first large-scale strike of domestic workers (cooks and maids) in New York City

d.

were the first major labor organization for western miners

e.

aimed to right the perceived wrongs against Irish coal workers

a.

was led by Samuel Gompers

b.

won higher wages for railroad workers

c.

did not have the support of the public at first, but as the strike (and its violence) spread, so did public sympathy for the strikers

d.

ended when the workers, who lacked organized bargaining power, returned to work

e.

began when Irish workers refused to work alongside Chinese

a.

was the political wing of the National Labor Union

b.

was based on anti-Chinese sentiment

c.

campaigned (unsuccessfully) for restrictions on Mexican immigration

d.

ended when the 1877 railroad strike ushered in better working conditions

e.

folded when Grant sent the military to occupy the mines

a.

opposed the eight-hour day for employees of the federal government

b.

opposed reforms such as cooperatives and equal rights for women and blacks in favor of simply bargaining with employers to get the best working conditions and wages possible

c.

was led by Alfred Chandler

d.

persuaded Congress to enact an eight-hour workday

e.

was less concerned with political and social problems than in bargaining with employers

a.

in 1875, when the federal government outlawed the use of violence against union members

b.

in the mid-1880s, when the union had several successful strikes against the railroads

c.

under the leadership of Uriah S. Stephens

d.

as a result of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877

e.

after the Wobblies spit the NLU

a.

a strike against Jay Gould in 1886 failed

b.

Uriah S. Stephens, its president, died in 1879

c.

the Haymarket affair discredited the union

d.

its leadership was devoted more to reform than to the nuts and bolts of organization

e.

their preoccupation with local politics

a.

was started by the Knights of Labor

b.

led to the passage of the Foran Act of 1885

c.

marked the beginning of the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions

d.

was blamed, probably unfairly, on seven anarchist leaders

e.

took place in San Francisco

a.

was concerned more with concrete economic gains than with social or political reforms

b.

was formed in 1869 but experienced most of its growth in the early years of the twentieth century

c.

was a federation of industrial unions; craft unions could not join until 1948

d.

could claim as members almost half of all industrial workers in 1900

e.

believed that unions with large numbers of immigrants hurt labor’s cause

a.

reflected the growing membership of agricultural workers

b.

grew rapidly

c.

grew moderately

d.

reflected the growing membership of the unskilled worker

e.

grew slowly

a.

involved workers at the Homestead Tobacco Company

b.

took place in Pennsylvania

c.

was a victory for the union

d.

took place in Montana, but involved other farmers on the Great Plains

e.

reflected Carnegie’s compassion and Frick’s nastiness

a.

when Pullman hired Pinkerton detectives to harass the striking workers

b.

despite President Grover Cleveland‘s support for the union

c.

after mail cars were attached to Pullman cars

d.

when strike leader Samuel Gompers became ill and could no longer support the strikers’ morale

e.

when anarchists shot Pullman at his desk

a.

upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs for violating the Espionage Act

b.

upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs for destroying private property

c.

overturned the conviction of Eugene Debs for inciting a riot

d.

upheld the conviction of Eugene Debs for violating a court injunction

e.

overturned the conviction of Eugene Debs for destroying private property

a.

was the attorney general of Illinois who obtained an injunction against the striking Pullman employees

b.

was convicted of throwing a bomb at strikers outside the Pullman plant

c.

published an anti-socialist paper in the 1890s

d.

was the leading figure in the Socialist Labor party

e.

wrote that blue-collar violence and anarchy were the only paths to success

a.

Its support was confined to industrial workers in the Northeast.

b.

In 1912, the party’s presidential candidate received almost 900,000 votes.

c.

It was plagued by disagreements over America’s participation in World War I.

d.

It elected mayors in 33 American cities.

e.

The party experienced great success in Oklahoma.

a.

had its origin in the mining and lumber camps of the West

b.

was less radical than the American Federation of Labor

c.

ended suddenly when its 1912 textile strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts, failed to win any concessions for the workers

d.

ended in 1903 when the organization’s officers were convicted of embezzling most of its funds

e.

were known as the Know-Nothings

a.

led a private army against striking miners in Colorado

b.

was elected mayor of Milwaukee in 1910

c.

served as editor of the People, the organ of the Socialist Labor party

d.

was the leader of the Industrial Workers of the World

e.

loved the AFL and saw Gompers as a natural ally

a.

Italians

b.

former slaves

c.

Mexicans

d.

Chinese

e.

Native American

a.

founder of the American steel industry

b.

the most notorious of the railroad “robber barons”

c.

the industrialist who invented the concept of vertical integration

d.

the leading investment banker of the Gilded Age

e.

a former governor of California and lead investor in the Central Pacific

a.

immigrated to the United States from overseas

b.

opposed the formation of trusts since they hindered competition

c.

became a leading philanthropist

d.

based the operations of Standard Oil in Pittsburgh

e.

thought that, by giving his suppliers a profit, his own business would benefit

a.

selling goods by mail

b.

retail, opening a chain of grocery stores across the United States

c.

manufacturing cheap, practical clothing

d.

providing electric power for New York City

e.

retail, opening a chain of tool stores across the United States

a.

real wages fell due to rising prices

b.

a forty-hour work week was the standard

c.

government regulations provided a safe work environment

d.

working and living conditions remained precarious

e.

forging a work permit for children was seen as taboo

a.

wage cuts that followed a depression

b.

the railroad’s refusal to hire blacks and women

c.

concerns over workplace safety

d.

worker demands for paid vacations

e.

the deaths of four children in an explosion at Pullman’s factory

a.

formed a successful political party

b.

admitted only skilled workers, like printers or cigar makers

c.

sought for men and women to have equal pay

d.

advocated the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism

e.

allowed doctors, lawyers, and bankers to join their ranks

a.

Andrew Carnegie announced the plant’s sale to J. P. Morgan

b.

Henry Frick tried to break a strike by bringing in Pinkertons

c.

police attempted to break up a protest meeting

d.

Andrew Carnegie tried to replace one union with another one

e.

Andrew Carnegie fired Frick

a.

declare his sympathy for the strikers

b.

order George Pullman to restore his workers’ wages

c.

appoint Eugene Debs to his cabinet

d.

send federal troops to keep the trains running

e.

socialize the industry by allowing the government to manage the company

a.

New York

b.

Wisconsin

c.

Oklahoma

d.

California

e.

Massachusetts

a.

lost a major strike in Lawrence, Massachusetts

b.

kicked out Daniel De Leon and Eugene Debs

c.

tried to merge with the American Federation of Labor

d.

opposed American involvement in World War I

e.

allowed the AFL to hire “Big Bill” Heywood

a.

Pittsburgh

b.

Cleveland

c.

Chicago

d.

New York

e.

San Francisco

a.

a French oil company that bribed Department of the Interior

employees

b.

a holding company for Standard Oil

c.

the bank that collapsed when Carnegie tried to corner the iron market

d.

discredited after Teapot Dome

e.

a construction company that overcharged the railroads

a.

the robber barons helped build the South’s great universities

b.

Jay Gould might actually be seen as a good guy

c.

the Commodore’s prowess as a naval officer in the Civil War opened doors to the business world following conflict

d.

business consolidation put the control of railroads in few hands

e.

the connections between railroads and early canals built fortunes

a.

made it possible for power sources to locate away from waterfalls

b.

made it possible to transmit high-voltage electricity

c.

made it possible for Edison to defeat Westinghouse

d.

made it possible for power sources to locate away from coal deposits

e.

made it possible for Westinghouse to defeat Edison

a.

Germans

b.

Irish

c.

Russians

d.

Polish

e.

English

a.

believed that socialism had its merits

b.

was born to wealth

c.

spent part of his childhood living outside of the United States

d.

sought to consolidate rival firms

e.

felt that giving away money might improve society and his image simultaneously

a.

Swedish

b.

a singer

c.

shot by a firing squad

d.

a Wobbly

e.

buried in the Kremlin wall

a.

radicals; spread anarchist principles

b.

“detectives” and security guards; control workers

c.

a branch of the IWW; infiltrate big business

d.

communist sympathizers; harm the socialist cause

e.

early English union workers; break strikes among the Irish

a.

founded Standard Oil

b.

was president of the Homestead Steel Works

c.

led the Knights of Labor

d.

wrote “The Gospel of Wealth”

e.

was a presidential candidate of the Socialist party of America

f.

founded a mail-order business

g.

was “prince” of railroad robber barons

h.

organized Workingmen’s party of California

i.

was a labor organizer executed for murder

j.

consolidated steel industry into the United States Steel Corporation