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Outliers Review Questions for Chapter 1

Accounting

Outliers Review Questions for Chapter 1. The Matthew Effect 1. The explanation of who gets to the top of the hockey world is complicated. Is Canadian hockey a meritocracy or isn't it? How do we define meritocracy? Provide your rationale. 2. How do you think about success? Do you associate it with individual effort, as the author believes is so common? What roles do parentage and patronage play any at all. Please discuss 3. Jeb Bush, a one-time governor of Florida and a presidential candidate, can be described as a self-made man. True or False - provide evidence to support your position. 4. Your birthday is December 21. What are your chances of being selected for the Medicine Hat Tigers Hockey Team? Explain, please. 5. Looking at the player roster on p. 20, which player has an almost perfect birthday for an elite soccer player 6. Is there a correlation between hockey and education with regard to age? Do you think that it is appropriate to use ability group in early childhood education? 7. We often ask what successful people are like. We read biographies, memoirs and articles to help us understand factors in success of individuals. What might be a more definitive question to ask successful people not what are you like, but --fill in the blank, please. 8. How is "relative age" related to the experience of college students? 9. Arbitrary choice of "cutoff dates" is causing long-lasting disadvantages that persist over time. "It could even mean the difference between going to college—and having a real shot at the middle class and not." Tor F 10. Relate the "self-fulfilling prophecy" to Canadian hockey. 11. What are the consequences of the way we have chosen to think about success?

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[1] A whole world of ice hockey exists beyond the US and the NHL. Professional leagues operate all over Europe and elsewhere in the world, the sport draws a diverse array of nations like China, Japan and South Korea to compete at the Olympics, and the next-generation of stars hone their skills in the juniors tier of the sport - generally defined the under-20s. Today sees the absolute pinnacle of this level of hockey - the 2021 World Junior Championship final. Read on as we explain how to get a World Junior live stream and watch USA vs Canada in the gold medal WJC game. The US sealed their spot in the final in dramatic fashion yesterday, beating Finland 4-3 courtesy of an Arthur Kaliyev goal with just over a minute left on the clock. That came after the Finns fought back from a 3-1 deficit entering the final period, and sees the United States get set to face its biggest rival in the sport: northerly neighbors Canada.

The Canadian team are the defending champs, having beaten Russia in last year's WJC final and then besting them again in Monday's first World Juniors semi-final game to qualify for the gold medal game again. They're arguably the favorites to make it back-to-back titles tonight in Edmonton, with Canada having won the World Juniors a record 10 times to date.

VANCOUVER (Reuters) - Canada’s ambitious goal is to top the medals table at the Vancouver Winter Olympics but it will be a hollow achievement to much of the Great White North unless the men’s hockey gold is among the final tally.

Hockey’s place in Canadian culture is closer to religion than a simple sporting pastime, a unifying force in a country of 33 million people that is often split by politics and language.

The sport is part of the national identity, a rite of passage between fathers and sons and more recently mothers and daughters as the game has evolved beyond its traditional gender boundaries.

Generations of Canadians grew up listening to Hockey Night In Canada on the radio and decades later the Saturday night tradition continues intact on high-definition television.

Canada hopes to win its first gold medal at a home Olympics this time, after failing at the 1976 Montreal Summer Games and the Calgary Winter Games in 1988. To hockey fans, the only really important thing is the men’s gold which will be decided on the final day, February 28.

To the International Olympic Committee (IOC) the sport is classified as “ice hockey.” In Canada, which regards itself as the birthplace of the game, it is simply referred to as “hockey,” and anyone describing it any other way risks a disdainful look or a puck in the head.

However, when these two countries last met in a WJC final back in 2017, the USA prevailed 5-4 in a shootout - Troy Terry slotting past Carter Hart to win it all for America in the most memorable way possible.

Tonight's game is sure to have similar excitement in store for ice hockey fans, so follow our guide below for details of how to get a World Juniors live stream and watch USA vs Canada in the 2021 WJC final online, wherever you are in the world.

A scene of children playing pond hockey can be found on the Canadian $5 bill while a lucky Loonie (Canadian dollar coin) secretly buried under the ice at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics, where Canada ended a 50-year gold-medal drought, is now a national treasure housed in the Hockey Hall of Fame.

Many of the country’s great novelists have pondered hockey’s role in Canadian society, Morley Callaghan calling it, “our own national drama,” while Bruce Kidd and John Macfarlane described it as “the dance of life, an affirmation that despite the deathly chill of winter we are alive.”

From Newfoundland to Vancouver Island hockey touches the lives of Canadians young and old. Children are introduced to the game at an early age, some learning to skate and hold a stick as soon as they can walk, while some people go to their graves wearing team jerseys.

Canada’s Prime Minister Stephen Harper is a hockey historian currently writing a book on the early days of professional hockey and children grow up following the adventures of the Screech Owls, a fictional peewee hockey team as it competes around the world solving murders and mysteries, including the theft of the Stanley Cup.

Hockey is a contradiction of graceful skill and brutal violence that runs counter to Canadians’ modest, polite image, and novelist Hugh MacLennan theorized that the sport gave Canadians the same release that “strong liquor gives a repressed man.”

“Hockey means everything and it means way too much at the same time,” Roy MacGregor, one of Canada’s most respected hockey writers and author of several defining books on the sport, along with 24 installments of the Screech Owl series, told Reuters.

“It is something Canadians have seized upon that we like to think is the image the world has of us, as some industrious team...cooperative, strong, resilient, victorious, magnificent and most of all humble victors in hockey.

“It’s the image we have of ourselves and what we wish the world would see when they look upon boring old Canada. The only time I have seen Canadians absolutely swagger is when they are winning at hockey.”

NATIONAL DEPRESSION

Such is the grip hockey holds on Canadians that failure to win gold in Vancouver could plunge the country into a national depression much like in 1998 when professional players were first allowed to compete at the Olympics and a team led by “The Great One” Wayne Gretzky failed to return home with a medal.

The failure in Nagano reverberated across the entire country, with the reasons debated in local bars and the House of Commons resulting in a landmark Hockey Summit that dissected every aspect of the game from the grassroots to the NHL.

It is that unbridled passion and crushing pressure that will form the backdrop to a competition for the 23 young men hand-picked to carry Canada’s immense hopes into what is already being described as the greatest hockey tournament of all time.

“Pressure, there is pressure if you are competing in an under-17 tournament, there is pressure at the Spengler Cup or the world juniors, there is pressure every time any team puts on the Maple Leaf because the goal is always the same -- win gold,” Johnny Misley, Hockey Canada executive vice-president told Reuters.

“Canadians expect to win gold, they demand gold and anyone representing Canada grows up knowing that. Canadians feel pride and accomplishment through hockey.

“One thing that unifies our country is hockey. The pressure to succeed is not just on 23 men and women...it is on 33 million Canadians

[2]

As I have gotten older, my views have changed on many things. To many people success is about money. Success to me has never been about money, or status, but of security.

Success to me is completing whatever I start, having money to pay my bills without the shame of having to ask others for help, raising my children as my positive contribution to society, leaving a legacy, and living a peaceful life free of dis-ease and strife.

Becoming wealthy and leaving an impact on the world is not an easy feat. If it were, everyone would go around doing it. At that point, it would not be much of an accomplishment at all.

Rather, being extremely successful requires an extreme amount of work. Especially when there is nobody looking. The best people have developed habits that help them reach their goals. These routines are not necessarily challenging to form, but they take consistent effort over extended periods of time. Creating these tendencies in your own life will propel your success.

[3]

John Ellis "JebBush (born February 11, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. Bush, who grew up in Houston, is the second son of the late former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush, and a younger brother of former President George W. Bush. He graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, and attended the University of Texas at Austin, where he earned a degree in Latin American affairs. In 1980, he moved to Florida and pursued a career in real estate development, and in 1986 became Florida's Secretary of Commerce until 1988. At that time, he joined his father's successful campaign for the Presidency.

In 1994, Bush made his first run for office, losing the election for governor by less than two percentage points to the incumbent Lawton Chiles. Bush ran again in 1998 and defeated Lieutenant Governor Buddy MacKay with 55 percent of the vote. He ran for reelection in 2002, defeating Bill McBride and winning with 56 percent, to become Florida's first two-term Republican governor. During his eight years as governor, Bush pushed an ambitious Everglades conservation plan, supported caps for medical malpractice litigation, launched a Medicaid privatization pilot program, and instituted reforms to the state education system, including the issuance of vouchers and promoting school choice. wikipedia source

[4]

Malcolm Gladwell's Outliers argued that extraordinary success requires hard work, talent, ambition - and being born at the right time. His favourite example is hockey. In minor hockey, children are grouped by birth year. This year, any player born in 1995 is a "minor midget." But January-born minor midgets are, on average, bigger and taller than December-born players. Gladwell argues that this head start gives players born in the first months of the year a life-long advantage: they are more likely to be chosen for top tier competitive teams, they get more ice time and better coaching. The result, Gladwell says, is "an iron law of Canadian hockey: in any elite group of hockey players - the very best of the best - 40 per cent of the players will have been born between January and March." Those born in the last quarter of the year might as well just "give up on hockey."Serious hockey fans have long been skeptical -- Mario Lemieux was born on Oct. 5, Eric Staal on Oct. 29. A recent article by Benjamin Gibbs, Mikaela Dufur, Shawn Meiners and David Jeter of Brigham Young University suggests the skeptics are right. The authors examine the birth dates of the 1,177 Canadian-born players who competed in the NHL between 2000 and 2010. Twenty-nine per cent were born in the first quarter of the year Is 29 per cent high or low? If births were spread evenly throughout the year, 25 per cent of NHLers would be born between January and March. Twenty-nine per cent early birthdays would be over the odds. But some ambitious parents try for a January baby to give their child a head start over his peers. Without knowing more about the timing of births in the hockey heartland - where parents drive minivans and natural ice is abundant - we can't tell if first quarter babies have a better chance of making it. Gladwell got it wrong because he looked at Major Junior (CHL) teams, like the Medicine Hat Tigers and the Vancouver Giants. At 15 and 16, when players are drafted into Major Junior, players born in the first quarter of the year enjoy a size advantage, so CHL rosters are filled with early-born players. Yet making it into the NHL requires such extraordinary talent that those with the necessary skills will make it onto a Junior roster, even if they are born in December. During their time in Juniors, younger players grow and catch up with the older ones. Indeed, because the NHL draft has a September cut-off, October-born players are actually older than January ones when the draft happens.

[5]

Goal runs through the calendar year and picks out some of the biggest birthdays in football, including past and present players, managers and coaches From Yaya Toure's birthday cake to Neymar's star-studded parties, footballers' birthdays rarely pass without mention.And while social media platforms are flooded with daily celebratory messages from clubs and fans alike, we don't want you to forget your favourite player's big day.So, here, Goal runs through the biggest birthdays in the footballing calendar year. Relative age effect in elite soccer: More early-born players, but no better valued, and no paragon clubs or countries John R. Doyle, Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Methodology, Writing – original draft and Paul A. Bottomley, Data curation, Investigation, Writing – review & editing

[6] In a replication of studies by Barnsley et al. (1985), and Grondin et al. (1984) the authors gathered birthdates of players in the National Hockey League (NHL), Western Hockey League (WHL), Ontario Hockey League (OHL), and Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). The players were categorized according to month of birth. Additionally, the players were categorized by country of birth, reflecting the changes in professional hockey over the period since the original studies. The results indicate that despite the globalization of hockey and changes in minor hockey, relative age effect, that is, a strong linear relationship between the month of birth (from January to December) and the proportion of players in the leagues studied, still exists. ogical factors that may account for the RAE reversal, especially among the NHL elite. In this way, our results also suggest an exploration of possible mediating factors that explain why elites have such pronounced reversals in the RAE. To offset the inherent unfairness of the RAE and the later RAE reversal on performances, understanding these mediating factors could be used to better select talent and encourage resiliency of players. Although previous literature on the RAE in sports and education [38, 39, 40] suggests delaying entry into professional sports/school to reduce performance gaps, the reversal complicates this view as there are potential benefits of being the “underdog.” Finally, from the perspective of the RAE in term of representativeness, our results suggest that adjustments of the drafting rules could reduce the disadvantages suffered by relatively young players.

[7] what do you deserve

[8]  ntroduction and purpose: The policy of school organisation for grouping students in the same academic year is based on date of birth. The differences in the experiences and maturation of older students involve a relatively better performance in academic settings, which is known as the relative age effect (RAE). This effect is more important the younger the student is. The goal of this study is to identify the connections of influence that RAE, socioeconomic status (SES), and type of institution have on academic performance in a school population of eighth graders. Methods: The study is based on a population-based, representative sample of 15,234 8th graders (50.4% female; average age = 13.61 years) in the 2011 National System of Quality Assessment in Education Survey (SIMCE) from Chile. The SIMCE for global academic performance consists of 4 tests: reading, mathematics, social studies, and science. All tests consist of multiple-choice and closed questions. In addition, in order to have the information of general academic performance, an extra variable expressing the average score of each student was created. Also, the SIMCE includes additional variables for the evaluation process such as SES or type of school. Students were assigned to one of five age groups in terms of date of birth (G1, G2, G3, G4, and G5), in which students belonging to G1 are the oldest and students belonging to G5 are the youngest. Results: The results achieved in the structural equation modelling indicate a good global fit. Individual relationships show significant effects of the three variables observed on academic performance, although SES received the highest values.

[9] cut-off date with reference to the calendar year for determining the maximum age of a candidate who is to be considered for direct recruitment to a service under the State. The petitions and appeals...Conditions) Rules, 1963, and the Rajasthan Educational Subordinate Service Rules, 1971. All these Rules provide that the cut-off date for deciding the maximum age prescribed for a candidate for...appointment will be the 1st day of January following the date of application. The affected candidates who are before us contend that such a cut-off date which is uniformly fixed under all the Service.

[10] A self-fulfilling prophecy is the sociopsychological phenomenon of someone "predicting" or expecting something, and this "prediction" or expectation coming true simply because the person believes it will and the person's resulting behaviors align to fulfill the belief. This suggests that people's beliefs influence their actions. The principle behind this phenomenon is that people create consequences regarding people or events, based on previous knowledge of the subject. There are 3 factors within an environment that can come together to influence the likelihood of a self-fulfilling prophecy becoming a reality. These would be appearance, perception and belief. When a phenomenon cannot be seen, appearance is what we rely upon when a self-fulfilling prophecy is in place. When it comes to a self-fulfilling prophecy there also must be a distinction “between “brute and institutional” facts” The philosopher John Searle states the difference as ““facts [that] exist independently of any human institutions; institutional facts can only exist within institutions”” There is an inability of institutional facts to be self-fulfilling. For example, the old belief that the Earth is flat (institutional) when it is known to be spherical (brute) There has to be a consensus by “large numbers of people within a given population.  asides from being institutional, social, or bound by the laws of nature for an idea to be seen as self-fulfilling. A self-fulfilling prophecy is applicable to either negative or positive outcomes. It can be concluded that establishing a label towards someone or something significantly impacts their perception and influences them to establish self-fulfilling prophecy. Interpersonal communication plays a significant role in establishing these phenomena as well as impacting the labeling process. Intrapersonal communication can have both positive and negative effects, dependent on the nature of the self-fulfilling prophecy.A self-fulfilling prophecy has been considered an inherently false conception based on the way Merton defines self fulfilling, which makes it a restrictive theory due to the fact that it must be a false idea from the start in order for the resulting outcome to have proved the initial thought to be true.

[11] Success is a relative term. If a person is making 10 dollars an hour and suddenly he or she gets a new job and starts making 50 dollars an hour, that person will deem the exponential increase in the income a great success. But now let us turn our attention to another person who has been making two million dollars annually, except this particular year during which the income came down to just over a million. One million dollars is a large sum of money by any standards. Many people won't be able to save that much money during their entire life time. But that person, despite a million dollars annual income, may still feel unhappy and unsuccessful.