a) Market failure refers to the inefficiency in resource allocation in a free market. A perfect example is a market situation where demand surpasses the quantity supplied. Notably, it is common when suppliers possess monopoly powers. Negative externalities also cause market failures. The government steps in order to minimize market failures as well as their undesirable effects through use of regulations and taxation policies. Notably, market inequalities lead to exploitation of the disadvantaged party through high pricing and provision of low-quality products.

b) Transfer payments are welfare programs used by the government in the redistribution of income. Basically, the programs target the elderly, students, and people with disabilities. Transfer payments help in stimulating economic development, resulting in increased aggregate demand. Besides, the programs aid in reducing the inequality gap.

c) The government corrects incidences of imperfect competition such as monopolies by implementing laws aimed at ensuring that the market players like buyers are not exploited.

d) The government provides public goods as they benefit the society as a whole. Notably, consumption by one individual does not prevent others from benefiting. Public goods such as infrastructure and security play a significant role in promoting economic development.