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Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 2 / 2 pts Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because: the definitions are too objective the definitions tend to be behavioristic the definitions tend to be nebulous learning is not definable Question 2 2 / 2 pts Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct? species-specific behavior self-motivated behavior imprinting unlearned behavior Question 3 2 / 2 pts After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident
Question 1
2 / 2 pts
Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:
the definitions are too objective
the definitions tend to be behavioristic
the definitions tend to be nebulous
learning is not definable
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?
species-specific behavior
self-motivated behavior
imprinting
unlearned behavior
2 / 2 pts
After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident. This is an example of:
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
avoidance conditioning
2 / 2 pts
The following diagram exemplifies which of the following?
A. Stimulus ----------------> Response
B. Prolonged experience with stimulus
C. Stimulus ----------------> No Response
habituation
sensitization
selective perception
conditioning
2 / 2 pts
A systematic experimental procedure used to modify behavior:
habituation
imprinting
naturalistic observation
conditioning
2 / 2 pts
Sneezing in response to a tickling in one’s nose is an example of:
complex behavior
reflexive behavior
classical conditioning
learning
2 / 2 pts
The rapid formation of an attachment between an organism and an environmental object that occurs during a critical period is called:
conditioning
imprinting
learning
modeling
2 / 2 pts
An experimental arrangement whereby an organism can avoid experiencing an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate behavior is called:
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
2 / 2 pts
Waking up to a loud alarm clock, you press the button to terminate the noise. This is an example of:
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
sign learning
2 / 2 pts
While studying behavior, we make inferences concerning the process believed to be the cause of the behavioral changes we are observing. That inferred process is:
thinking
learning
performance
an independent variable
2 / 2 pts
Reinforcement is not contingent on any overt response made by the organism in:
instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
escape conditioning
avoidance conditioning
2 / 2 pts
An unlearned response to a specific stimulus exemplifies a(n):
conditioned reflex
sensitization
reflex
instinct
2 / 2 pts
According to Gagne, how many types of learning are there?
one
two
eight
more than eight
2 / 2 pts
In science the demand for verification means:
statements must be publicly testable
information must pass freely from one scientist to another
experiments must be highly controlled
ambiguity must be avoided at all costs
2 / 2 pts
According to Popper, a scientific theory is:
an attempt to summarize empirical observation
a proposed solution to a problem
something to which a scientist becomes emotionally attached
an attempt to refute what has been observed
2 / 2 pts
In his philosophy of science, Popper stresses ------------- factors whereas Kuhn stresses ---------- factors.
logical .... sociological and psychological
sociological and psychological .... logical
emotional .... historical
historical .... rational
2 / 2 pts
The Kuhnian view of scientific progress emphasizes:
logic
the gradual accumulation of factual information
social and psychological factors
empirical observation
2 / 2 pts
What is a danger in using naturalistic observation?
more than one choice is accurate
it is too reductionistic
classifications are too narrow
it is difficult to observe and record complex phenomenon accurately
0 / 2 pts
Which statement is an example of a scientific law (assume each statement is correct)?
“A stitch in time saves nine.”
“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
“The ripest fruit falls first.”
all of the above.
2 / 2 pts
The principle of parsimony states that a scientific theory must:
be as simple as possible
be accurate
generate publically verifiable statements
be heuristic
2 / 2 pts
A scientific law is:
a consistently observed relationship
a principle that does not vary
synonymous with truth
an immutable ralationship
0 / 2 pts
Which of the following is the heuristic value of a theory? Its ability to
integrate knowledge
determine whether a statement is true or false
all the statements
generate new knowledge
2 / 2 pts
All sciences seek to:
prove theories
discover laws
solve practical problems
none of the above
2 / 2 pts
When something is used to describe something that is relatively less known, the former is being used as a ----------------------- for the latter.
model
paradigm
theory
law
2 / 2 pts
Using the technique of naturalistic observation, one would:
use a reductionistic approach
control at least one independent variable
make detailed observations and recordings of a phenomenon as it occurs naturally
more than one of the above
2 / 2 pts
“Trials of Criterion” suggests which of the following kinds of definitions of learning?
theoretical
empirical
cognitive
operational
2 / 2 pts
The founder of the functionalist school was:
Titchener
Watson
Wundt
James
2 / 2 pts
The functionalist school was strongly influenced by:
Plato
Wundt
Darwin
Watson
2 / 2 pts
To whom do you attribute the statement, “Consciousness cannot be reduced into elements. Rather, consciousness functions as a unity whose purpose is to allow the organism to adjust to its environment?”
James
Watson
Wundt
Ebbinghaus
2 / 2 pts
A person who believes that knowledge is gained by reflecting on the contents of the mind is called a(n):
nativist
empiricist
dualist
rationalist
2 / 2 pts
-------------------- is the belief that the mind is actively involved in the creation of knowledge.
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
associationism
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following philosophers do you associate with the reminiscence theory of knowledge?
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
Pythagoras
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following philosophers observed that “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”?
Mill
Reid
Hume
Berkeley
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following do you associate with functionalism?
the study of the adaptive value of thought and behavior
the objective study of behavior
the systematic study of human consciousness
the systematic study of innate ideas
2 / 2 pts
Whose philosophy can be viewed as the antecedent to modern information processing psychology?
Reid Kant
Kant
Hume
Berkeley
0 / 2 pts
Aristotle’s philosophy:
stunted the growth of scientific inquiry
was adopted by the early Christians
dominated early Christian Europe
none of these
2 / 2 pts
It can be argued that all contemporary psychologists are;
voluntarists
structuralists
behaviorists
functionalists
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following represents the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory information?
rationalism
empiricism
nativism
epistemology
0 / 2 pts
--------------------- is the belief that some form of knowledge is inherited.
rationalism
empiricism
associationism
nativism
0 / 2 pts
The fundamental notion in associative shifting is:
that if a response can be kept intact through a series of changes in the stimulus situation, it may finally be given to a totally new stimulus
it is important for the subject to make free associations
when the organism faces a problem, it varies its repsonses and when the appropriate behavior is stumbled upon, success follows and learning is possible
when the organism has achieved the correct set or attitude, it will be able to learn
0 / 2 pts
With his principle of belongingness, Thorndike indicated that:
some associations are formed more easily than others
contiguity between a stimulus and a response is all that is necessary for learning to take place.
backward conditioning is impossible
reinforcement was necessary for learning to take place
0 / 2 pts
According to Thorndike, reinforcement for correct responses:
not only increases probability of the correct responses being repeated, but also increases the probability of the responses adjacent to the reinforced response being repeated
is not nearly as important as the punishment of incorrect responses
produces a permanent disposition to respond in the reinforced manner
must involve satisfaction of a biological drive
2 / 2 pts
Thorndike concluded that learning was:
incremental
insightful
insightful for cats but incremental for humans
incremental for cats but insightful for humans
2 / 2 pts
For Thorndike, a reinforcer is a stimulus that produces:
a satisfying state of affairs
the satisfaction of a biological need
a reduction in aversive stimulation
happiness
0 / 2 pts
Thorndike’s theory can be considered the original-------------- theory of learning.
S-R
cognitive
physiological
all of the above
2 / 2 pts
According to Thorndike, the law that states that the more times stimuli and responses are paired, the stronger is the association between them is called the Law of:
Readiness
Exercise
Preparedness
Effect
0 / 2 pts
Thorndike found that effects of reinforcement spread to:
other stimuli close to the reinforced
other animals who were watching the reinforced one
other responses made shortly before or after the reinforced one
all aspects of the reinforced organism’s life.
2 / 2 pts
It is easier to recite the alphabet forward than it is to recite it backwards. This will support Thorndike’s principle of:
directional learning
readiness
belongingness
polarity
2 / 2 pts
According to Thorndike’s concept of belongingess:
verbal material will be learned in units that have the greatest amount of meaning to the subject
learning will be most effective when the effects produced by a response are relevant to the organism’s drive state
both 1 and 2
none of the above
0 / 2 pts
Concerning the role of mediation (e.g., reasoning or thinking) in learning, Thorndike concluded that it:
characterized only human learning
characterized the learning of “lower animals” but not human learning
characterized both human and nonhuman learning
it was an unnecessary assumption, since all learning could be explained without reference to it
