Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 2 / 2 pts Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:      the definitions are too objective    the definitions tend to be behavioristic    the definitions tend to be nebulous    learning is not definable   Question 2 2 / 2 pts Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?    species-specific behavior    self-motivated behavior    imprinting    unlearned behavior   Question 3 2 / 2 pts After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident

Question 1 2 / 2 pts Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:      the definitions are too objective    the definitions tend to be behavioristic    the definitions tend to be nebulous    learning is not definable   Question 2 2 / 2 pts Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?    species-specific behavior    self-motivated behavior    imprinting    unlearned behavior   Question 3 2 / 2 pts After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident

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Question 1

2 / 2 pts

Most psychologists reject dictionary definitions of learning because:

 

  

the definitions are too objective

  

the definitions tend to be behavioristic

  

the definitions tend to be nebulous

  

learning is not definable

 

Question 2

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following terms is currently being used instead of the term instinct?

  

species-specific behavior

  

self-motivated behavior

  

imprinting

  

unlearned behavior

 

Question 3

2 / 2 pts

After experiencing an automobile accident, a person is more responsive to automobile horns than before the accident. This is an example of:

  

habituation

  

sensitization

  

selective perception

  

avoidance conditioning

 

Question 4

2 / 2 pts

The following diagram exemplifies which of the following?

 

A. Stimulus ----------------> Response

 

B. Prolonged experience with stimulus

C. Stimulus ----------------> No Response

            

 

  

habituation

  

sensitization

  

selective perception

  

conditioning

 

Question 5

2 / 2 pts

A systematic experimental procedure used to modify behavior:

  

habituation

  

imprinting

  

naturalistic observation

  

conditioning

 

Question 6

2 / 2 pts

Sneezing in response to a tickling in one’s nose is an example of:

  

complex behavior

  

reflexive behavior

  

classical conditioning

  

learning

 

Question 7

2 / 2 pts

The rapid formation of an attachment between an organism and an environmental object that occurs during a critical period is called:

  

conditioning

  

imprinting

  

learning

  

modeling

 

Question 8

2 / 2 pts

An experimental arrangement whereby an organism can avoid experiencing an aversive stimulus by engaging in appropriate behavior is called:

  

classical conditioning

  

escape conditioning

  

avoidance conditioning

  

sign learning

 

Question 9

2 / 2 pts

Waking up to a loud alarm clock, you press the button to terminate the noise. This is an example of:

  

classical conditioning

  

escape conditioning

  

avoidance conditioning

  

sign learning

 

Question 10

2 / 2 pts

While studying behavior, we make inferences concerning the process believed to be the cause of the behavioral changes we are observing. That inferred process is:

  

thinking

  

learning

  

performance

  

an independent variable

 

Question 11

2 / 2 pts

Reinforcement is not contingent on any overt response made by the organism in:

  

instrumental conditioning

  

classical conditioning

  

escape conditioning

  

avoidance conditioning

 

Question 12

2 / 2 pts

An unlearned response to a specific stimulus exemplifies a(n):

  

conditioned reflex

  

sensitization

  

reflex

  

instinct

 

Question 13

2 / 2 pts

According to Gagne, how many types of learning are there?

  

one

  

two

  

eight

  

more than eight

 

Question 14

2 / 2 pts

In science the demand for verification means:

  

statements must be publicly testable

   

information must pass freely from one scientist to another

   

experiments must be highly controlled

   

ambiguity must be avoided at all costs

 

 

Question 15

2 / 2 pts

According to Popper, a scientific theory is:

  

an attempt to summarize empirical observation

  

a proposed solution to a problem

  

something to which a scientist becomes emotionally attached

  

an attempt to refute what has been observed

 

Question 16

2 / 2 pts

In his philosophy of science, Popper stresses  ------------- factors whereas Kuhn stresses ---------- factors.

  

logical .... sociological and psychological

  

sociological and psychological  .... logical

  

emotional .... historical

  

historical .... rational

 

Question 17

2 / 2 pts

The Kuhnian view of scientific progress emphasizes:

  

logic

  

the gradual accumulation of factual information

  

social and psychological factors

  

empirical observation

 

Question 18

2 / 2 pts

What is a danger in using naturalistic observation?

  

more than one choice is accurate

   

it is too reductionistic

   

classifications are too narrow

   

it is difficult to observe and record complex phenomenon accurately

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 19

0 / 2 pts

Which statement is an example of a scientific law (assume each statement is correct)?

  

“A stitch in time saves nine.”

  

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.”

  

“The ripest fruit falls first.”

  

all of the above.

 

Question 20

2 / 2 pts

The principle of parsimony states that a scientific theory must:

  

be as simple as possible

  

be accurate

  

generate publically verifiable statements

  

be heuristic

 

Question 21

2 / 2 pts

A scientific law is:

  

a consistently observed relationship

  

a principle that does not vary

  

synonymous with truth

  

an immutable ralationship

 

IncorrectQuestion 22

0 / 2 pts

Which of the following is the heuristic value of a theory? Its ability to

  

integrate knowledge

  

determine whether a statement is true or false

  

all the statements

  

generate new knowledge

 

Question 23

2 / 2 pts

All sciences seek to:

  

prove theories

  

discover laws

  

solve practical problems

  

none of the above

 

Question 24

2 / 2 pts

When something is used to describe something that is relatively less known, the former is being used as a ----------------------- for the latter.

  

model

  

paradigm

  

theory

  

law

 

Question 25

2 / 2 pts

Using the technique of naturalistic observation, one would:

  

use a reductionistic approach

  

control at least one independent variable

  

make detailed observations and recordings of a phenomenon as it occurs naturally

  

more than one of the above

 

Question 26

2 / 2 pts

“Trials of Criterion” suggests which of the following kinds of definitions of learning?

  

theoretical

  

empirical

  

cognitive

  

operational

 

Question 27

2 / 2 pts

The founder of the functionalist school was:

  

Titchener

  

Watson

  

Wundt

  

James

 

Question 28

2 / 2 pts

The functionalist school was strongly influenced by:

  

Plato

  

Wundt

  

Darwin

  

Watson

 

Question 29

2 / 2 pts

To whom do you attribute the statement, “Consciousness cannot be reduced into elements. Rather, consciousness functions as a unity whose purpose is to allow the organism to adjust to its environment?”

  

James

  

Watson

  

Wundt

  

Ebbinghaus

 

Question 30

2 / 2 pts

A person who believes that knowledge is gained by reflecting on the contents of the mind is called a(n):

  

nativist

  

empiricist

  

dualist

  

rationalist

 

Question 31

2 / 2 pts

-------------------- is the belief that the mind is actively involved in the creation of knowledge.

  

rationalism

  

empiricism

  

nativism

  

associationism

 

Question 32

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following philosophers do you associate with the reminiscence theory of knowledge?

  

Socrates

  

Plato

  

Aristotle

  

Pythagoras

 

Question 33

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following philosophers observed that “The whole is different from the sum of its parts”?

  

Mill

  

Reid

  

Hume

  

Berkeley

 

Question 34

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following do you associate with functionalism?

  

the study of the adaptive value of thought and behavior

  

the objective study of behavior

  

the systematic study of human consciousness

  

the systematic study of innate ideas

 

Question 35

2 / 2 pts

Whose philosophy can be viewed as the antecedent to modern information processing psychology?

  

Reid Kant

  

Kant

  

Hume

  

Berkeley

 

IncorrectQuestion 36

0 / 2 pts

Aristotle’s philosophy:

  

stunted the growth of scientific inquiry

  

was adopted by the early Christians

  

dominated early Christian Europe

  

none of these

 

Question 37

2 / 2 pts

It can be argued that all contemporary psychologists are;

  

voluntarists

  

structuralists

  

behaviorists

  

functionalists

 

Question 38

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following represents the belief that all knowledge is derived from sensory information?

  

rationalism

  

empiricism

  

nativism

  

epistemology

 

IncorrectQuestion 39

0 / 2 pts

--------------------- is the belief that some form of knowledge is inherited.

  

rationalism

  

empiricism

  

associationism

  

nativism

 

IncorrectQuestion 40

0 / 2 pts

The fundamental notion in associative shifting is:

  

that if a response can be kept intact through a series of changes in the stimulus                       situation, it may finally be given to a totally new stimulus

  

it is important for the subject to make free associations

  

when the organism faces a problem, it varies its repsonses and when the appropriate             behavior is stumbled upon, success follows and learning is possible

  

when the organism has achieved the correct set or attitude, it will be able to learn

 

IncorrectQuestion 41

0 / 2 pts

With his principle of belongingness, Thorndike indicated that:

  

some associations are formed more easily than others

  

contiguity between a stimulus and a response is all that is necessary for learning to take place.

  

backward conditioning is impossible

  

reinforcement was necessary for learning to take place

 

IncorrectQuestion 42

0 / 2 pts

According to Thorndike, reinforcement for correct responses:

  

not only increases probability of the correct responses being repeated, but also increases the probability of the responses adjacent to the reinforced response being repeated

  

is not nearly as important as the punishment of incorrect responses

  

produces a permanent disposition to respond in the reinforced manner

  

must involve satisfaction of a biological drive

 

Question 43

2 / 2 pts

Thorndike concluded that learning was:

  

incremental

  

insightful

  

insightful for cats but incremental for humans

  

incremental for cats but insightful for humans

 

Question 44

2 / 2 pts

For Thorndike, a reinforcer is a stimulus that produces:

  

a satisfying state of affairs

  

the satisfaction of a biological need

  

a reduction in aversive stimulation

  

happiness

 

IncorrectQuestion 45

0 / 2 pts

Thorndike’s theory can be considered the original-------------- theory of learning.

  

S-R

  

cognitive

  

physiological

  

all of the above

 

Question 46

2 / 2 pts

According to Thorndike, the law that states that the more times stimuli and responses are paired, the stronger is the association between them is called the Law of:

  

Readiness

  

Exercise

  

Preparedness

  

Effect

 

IncorrectQuestion 47

0 / 2 pts

Thorndike found that effects of reinforcement spread to:

  

other stimuli close to the reinforced

  

other animals who were watching the reinforced one

  

other responses made shortly before or after the reinforced one

  

all aspects of the reinforced organism’s life.

 

Question 48

2 / 2 pts

It is easier to recite the alphabet forward than it is to recite it backwards. This will support           Thorndike’s principle of:

  

directional learning

  

readiness

  

belongingness

  

polarity

 

Question 49

2 / 2 pts

According to Thorndike’s concept of belongingess:

  

verbal material will be learned in units that have the greatest amount of meaning to the subject

  

learning will be most effective when the effects produced by a response are relevant to the organism’s drive state

  

both 1 and 2

  

none of the above

 

IncorrectQuestion 50

0 / 2 pts

Concerning the role of mediation (e.g., reasoning or thinking) in learning, Thorndike concluded that it:

  

characterized only human learning

  

characterized the learning of “lower animals” but not human learning

  

characterized both human and nonhuman learning

  

it was an unnecessary assumption, since all learning could be explained without reference to it