will be zero when prices are increasing at a constant rate.

is equal to the price level.

is the annual rate of increase in the price level.

is always increasing when the overall price level is increasing.

Government spending was increased with the economy at full employment

The government purposely increased spending during a recession

Taxes were raised during recessions

When efforts were made to eliminate a budget deficit during a recession

The difference between report and actual corporate profit

People that do not report all their earnings

Inflation

Difference in values of currencies