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Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 2 / 2 pts According to Bandura, the job of the therapist should be to: gain insight into the client’s emotional problem disconfirm erroneous expectations give the client unconditional positive regard shape desirable behavior patterns Question 2 2 / 2 pts Bandura and Menlove (1968) used --------------------- to extinguish a dog phobia symbolic modeling direct modeling behavior modification modeling with participation Question 3 2 / 2 pts The statement “I couldn’t be the only one saying no,” exemplifies: moral justification displacement of responsibility advantageous comparison diffusion of responsibility Question 4 2 / 2 pts An art instructor guides the response of a student so as to improve his or her drawing ability
Question 1
2 / 2 pts
According to Bandura, the job of the therapist should be to:
gain insight into the client’s emotional problem
disconfirm erroneous expectations
give the client unconditional positive regard
shape desirable behavior patterns
2 / 2 pts
Bandura and Menlove (1968) used --------------------- to extinguish a dog phobia
symbolic modeling
direct modeling
behavior modification
modeling with participation
2 / 2 pts
The statement “I couldn’t be the only one saying no,” exemplifies:
moral justification
displacement of responsibility
advantageous comparison
diffusion of responsibility
2 / 2 pts
An art instructor guides the response of a student so as to improve his or her drawing ability. This exemplifies:
matched-dependent behavior
same behavior
copying behavior
observational learning
2 / 2 pts
According to Bandura, how can performance at a task improve even after the observation of someone modeling the task has terminated?
fatigue dissipates, thus causing improvement
the observer compares his or her performance with the memory of the modeled experience
the observer seeks out other models to demonstrate the same task
all of the above
2 / 2 pts
Which technique did Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969) find most effective ?
desensitization therapy
modeling with participation
symbolic modeling
behavior modification
2 / 2 pts
---------------------- refers to one’s impression of what one is capable of doing.
Self-efficacy
Perceived self-efficacy
Motor reproductive processes
all of the above
2 / 2 pts
According to social cognitive theory, reinforcement:
acts backward to strengthen preceding imitative responses
is important because anticipation of it influences the learner’s attentional, organizational, and rehearsal processes
both 1 and 2
none of the above
2 / 2 pts
When a modeling experience causes a person to engage in an activity which was previously feared, the process is called:
acquisition
inhibition
disinhibition
facilitation
2 / 2 pts
According to Bandura, learning occurs:
only when there is a need of some kind
only as the result of direct experience
constantly
independent of observation
2 / 2 pts
Kaufman, Baron and Kopp (1966) demonstrated that:
multiple modeling is more influential than single modeling
one's belief concerning reinforcement contingencies is more influential than actual reinforcement contingencies
direct modeling is more influential than symbolic modeling
modeling with participation is the best way to extinguish a phobia
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following can influence what an observer attends to ?
sensory capabilities
prior reinforcements
characteristics of models
all of the above
0 / 2 pts
According to Bandura, one can learn by:
observing the consequences of one’s own behavior
observing the consequences of the behavior of others
both 1 and 2
none of the above
2 / 2 pts
Watson concluded that observational learning occurred:
only in lower animals
only in humans
in both lower animals and humans
in neither lower animals nor humans
2 / 2 pts
Everyone applauds at the end of a stage play. This exemplifies:
matched-dependent behavior
same behavior
copying behavior
observational learning
2 / 2 pts
Rule or principle learning is accomplished by:
abstract modeling
symbolic modeling
multiple modeling
direct modeling
2 / 2 pts
Most phobias probably result from overgeneralization of one or more direct and vicarious painful experiences.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
The most startling outcome of Lashley’s research was his finding that the------------------ of the destroyed portion of the brain was not as important as the --------------------- of destruction.
location .... amount
amount ... location
size ... kind
shape ... location
2 / 2 pts
While simple networks can use the Hebb rule, more sophisticated systems like NETtalk use:
the NET rule
the Back rule
the propagation algorithm
the delta rule
2 / 2 pts
Kandel and his associates have discovered that sensitization in Aplysia occurs due to :
inhibition of an inhibitory process
facilitation of the sensory neuron by a modulatory interneuron
actual decrease in neurotransmitter release by the sensory neuron
the long-term potentiation (LTP)
2 / 2 pts
Psychologists have not been surprised at the accuracy of Hebb’s conjectures about the nervous system, as he fell short of being a brilliant theorist.
True
False
0 / 2 pts
The neglect syndrome involves either not seeing or not paying attention to the:
simple responsibilities of life
right visual field
left visual field
social environment
2 / 2 pts
Generally, research has shown that animals reared in an enriched environment are ________ when compared to those reared in a more sterile environment.
more aggressive
more fearful
more intelligent
less aggressive
2 / 2 pts
In general, it seems a main function of the reticular activating system (RAS) is to:
provide a mechanism for memory
prepare higher centers of the brain to receive and act upon information from the environment
keep the organism awake during a learning experience
provide equipotentiality of brain functions
2 / 2 pts
Many of the functions related to speech are found in:
the left cerebral hemisphere
the RAS
the right cerebral hemisphere
the hippocampus
2 / 2 pts
Hebb argues that sports, TV, movies and paperback thrillers are reinforcing because:
humans need successful persons with whom to identify in order to overcome their innate feelings of inferiority
they provide a distraction from intolerable threat and anxiety over which humans have no control
they excite people, increase their level of arousal and reduce boredom
they provide socially safe outlets for destructive impulses
2 / 2 pts
Nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin are addictive substances that seem to cause the stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
Kandel and his associates have demonstrated that habituation in Aplysia is the result of:
active inhibition by a modulatory interneuron
a decrease in neurotransmitter output by a sensory neuron
long-term potentiation
a process that provides as good model for Hebb's notion of recruitment
2 / 2 pts
------------------- refers to the loss of memory for those events just prior to a traumatic experience.
consolidation effect
ECS
the hippocampus effect (HE)
retrograde amnesia
2 / 2 pts
Lashley’s principle of Equipotentiality states that:
one part of the cortex can take over from an injured part.
loss in the ability to learn or remember is proportional to the amount of cortical destruction
the disruption of learning caused by the cortical destruction is related to the complexity of the learning task
all of these
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following is not a characteristic of reinforcement by direct brain stimulation?
does not satiate
extinguishes very slowly
performance is poor when intervals between reinforcements are long
reinforcement effects interact with drive state
0 / 2 pts
According to Hebb, if a cell assembly is stimulated, one experiences:
an idea
a stream of thought
an emotion
none of the above
2 / 2 pts
Electroconvulsive shock has what effect on memory?
increases and sharpens memories for recent learning especially those immediately prior to the shock
prevents retention of information immediately preceding the shock
wipes out early memories (childhood) while leaving recent memories intact
has little or no effect on memory
2 / 2 pts
In order to become active, NMDA receptors
must be stimulated by norepinephrine
must be stimulated at the same time as non-NMDA receptor
must be stimulated by LTP
must be stimulated by spectrin
2 / 2 pts
Seligman suggest that some species learn a task more easily than other species because
reinforcement principles only apply to mammals
only some species experience drive and drive reduction
larger mammals have larger brains and thus learn more readily
they are biologically prepared to do so
2 / 2 pts
“Fitness” is defined in terms of
greater physical fitness
reproduction
longer lifespan
adaptation
0 / 2 pts
Öhman and his colleagues found that fear responses to snake stimuli could be conditioned:
only when participants were snake phobic
only when participants could detect the CS (snake stimulus)
only if the participants were predisposed to have general phobias
even when participants could not detect the CS (snake stimulus)
2 / 2 pts
According to Bolles, classical conditioning involves learning associations and instrumental conditioning involves learning associations.
R–R ; R–O
S–R ; S–S
O–O ; S–O
S–S ; R–S
2 / 2 pts
According to Hamilton’s Rule, who are we most likely to help?
our children
female relatives
our spouse(s)
individuals who can help us in return
2 / 2 pts
Bolles uses the concept of SSDR to account for behavior during
instrumental conditioning
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
escape/avoidance conditioning
2 / 2 pts
According to the empirical principle of equipotentiality,
laws of learning apply equally to all species
different parts of the brain learn the same thing in different ways
different species have different learning predispositions
reinforcement operates similarly in all species
2 / 2 pts
Buss found that males place more value than do females on when selecting a mate.
dominance
resources
physical appearance
fidelity
2 / 2 pts
Most species can develop learned food aversions to
flavor cues
shape–appearance cues
color cues
any cue can become a cue for learned food aversions
2 / 2 pts
According to Bolles, what kind of learning is most flexible?
escape learning
S–R learning
instrumental conditioning
S–S learning
2 / 2 pts
Bolles’s Niche Argument states that in order to understand learning we must understand
that every organism finds its special learning niche
that laws of learning apply equally to all species
the biological niche in which an organism evolved
the reinforcement contingincies under which an organism is behaving
0 / 2 pts
When an adaptation is co-opted for an unrelated but often useful purpose, it is called
an exaptation
listers
a spandrel
derivation
2 / 2 pts
According to Evolutionary Psychologists, people develop phobias because
of repressed conflicts
it is adaptive to learn to fear certain kinds of stimuli
phobias lead to greater reproduction rates
classical conditioning occurs even in non–adaptive contexts
2 / 2 pts
A beneficial side-effect of a specific adaptation is called
a spandrel
a retraptation
an exaptation
a co–option
2 / 2 pts
According to Bolles, SSDRs are elicited by
any CS
only unconditioned stimuli
CSs with emotional significance
pain or warnings of pain
0 / 2 pts
The belief that natural events or substances are naturally good is
Hamliton’s Rule
the naturalistic fallacy
nothing butism
the nominal fallacy
