Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 2 / 2 pts According to Bandura, the job of the therapist should be to:    gain insight into the client’s emotional problem     disconfirm erroneous expectations     give the client unconditional positive regard     shape desirable behavior patterns     Question 2 2 / 2 pts Bandura and Menlove (1968) used --------------------- to extinguish a dog phobia    symbolic modeling     direct modeling     behavior modification     modeling with participation     Question 3 2 / 2 pts The statement “I couldn’t be the only one saying no,” exemplifies:    moral justification     displacement of responsibility     advantageous comparison     diffusion of responsibility     Question 4 2 / 2 pts An art instructor guides the response of a student so as to improve his or her drawing ability

Question 1 2 / 2 pts According to Bandura, the job of the therapist should be to:    gain insight into the client’s emotional problem     disconfirm erroneous expectations     give the client unconditional positive regard     shape desirable behavior patterns     Question 2 2 / 2 pts Bandura and Menlove (1968) used --------------------- to extinguish a dog phobia    symbolic modeling     direct modeling     behavior modification     modeling with participation     Question 3 2 / 2 pts The statement “I couldn’t be the only one saying no,” exemplifies:    moral justification     displacement of responsibility     advantageous comparison     diffusion of responsibility     Question 4 2 / 2 pts An art instructor guides the response of a student so as to improve his or her drawing ability

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Question 1

2 / 2 pts

According to Bandura, the job of the therapist should be to:

  

gain insight into the client’s emotional problem

   

disconfirm erroneous expectations

   

give the client unconditional positive regard

   

shape desirable behavior patterns

 

 

Question 2

2 / 2 pts

Bandura and Menlove (1968) used --------------------- to extinguish a dog phobia

  

symbolic modeling

   

direct modeling

   

behavior modification

   

modeling with participation

 

 

Question 3

2 / 2 pts

The statement “I couldn’t be the only one saying no,” exemplifies:

  

moral justification

   

displacement of responsibility

   

advantageous comparison

   

diffusion of responsibility

 

 

Question 4

2 / 2 pts

An art instructor guides the response of a student so as to improve his or her drawing ability. This exemplifies:

  

matched-dependent behavior

   

same behavior

   

copying behavior

   

observational learning

 

 

Question 5

2 / 2 pts

According to Bandura, how can performance at a task improve even after the observation of someone modeling the task has terminated?

  

fatigue dissipates, thus causing improvement

   

the observer compares his or her performance with the memory of the modeled experience

   

the observer seeks out other models to demonstrate the same task

   

all of the above
 

 

Question 6

2 / 2 pts

Which technique did Bandura, Blanchard, and Ritter (1969) find most effective ?

  

desensitization therapy

   

modeling with participation

   

symbolic modeling

   

behavior modification

 

 

Question 7

2 / 2 pts

---------------------- refers to one’s impression of what one is capable of doing.

  

Self-efficacy

   

Perceived self-efficacy

   

Motor reproductive processes

   

all of the above

 

 

Question 8

2 / 2 pts

According to social cognitive theory, reinforcement:

  

acts backward to strengthen preceding imitative responses

   

is important because anticipation of it influences the learner’s attentional, organizational, and rehearsal processes

   

both 1 and 2

   

none of the above

 

 

Question 9

2 / 2 pts

When a modeling experience causes a person to engage in an activity which was previously feared, the process is called:

  

acquisition

   

inhibition

   

disinhibition

   

facilitation

 

 

Question 10

2 / 2 pts

According to Bandura, learning occurs:

  

only when there is a need of some kind

   

only as the result of direct experience

   

constantly

   

independent of observation

 

 

Question 11

2 / 2 pts

Kaufman, Baron and Kopp (1966) demonstrated that:

  

multiple modeling is more influential than single modeling

   

one's belief concerning reinforcement contingencies is more influential than actual reinforcement contingencies

   

direct modeling is more influential than symbolic modeling

   

modeling with participation is the best way to extinguish a phobia

 

 

Question 12

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following can influence what an observer attends to ?

  

sensory capabilities

   

prior reinforcements

   

characteristics of models

   

all of the above

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 13

0 / 2 pts

According to Bandura, one can learn by:

  

observing the consequences of one’s own behavior

   

observing the consequences of the behavior of others

   

both 1 and 2

   

none of the above

 

 

Question 14

2 / 2 pts

Watson concluded that observational learning occurred:

  

only in lower animals

   

only in humans

   

in both lower animals and humans

   

in neither lower animals nor humans

 

 

Question 15

2 / 2 pts

Everyone applauds at the end of a stage play. This exemplifies:

  

matched-dependent behavior

   

same behavior

   

copying behavior

   

observational learning

 

 

Question 16

2 / 2 pts

Rule or principle learning is accomplished by:

  

abstract modeling

   

symbolic modeling

   

multiple modeling

   

direct modeling

 

 

Question 17

2 / 2 pts

Most phobias probably result from overgeneralization of one or more direct and vicarious painful experiences.

  

True

   

False

 

 

Question 18

2 / 2 pts

The most startling outcome of Lashley’s research was his finding that the------------------ of the destroyed portion of the brain was not as important as the --------------------- of destruction.

  

location .... amount

   

amount ... location

   

size ... kind

   

shape ... location

 

 

Question 19

2 / 2 pts

While simple networks can use the Hebb rule, more sophisticated systems like NETtalk     use:

  

the NET rule

   

the Back rule

   

the propagation algorithm

   

the delta rule

 

 

Question 20

2 / 2 pts

Kandel and his associates have discovered that sensitization in Aplysia occurs due to :

  

inhibition of an inhibitory process

   

facilitation of the sensory neuron by a modulatory interneuron

   

actual decrease in neurotransmitter release by the sensory neuron

   

the long-term potentiation (LTP)

 

 

Question 21

2 / 2 pts

Psychologists have not been surprised at the accuracy of Hebb’s conjectures about the nervous system, as he fell short of being a brilliant theorist.

  

True

   

False

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 22

0 / 2 pts

The neglect syndrome involves either not seeing or not paying attention to the:

  

simple responsibilities of life

   

right visual field

   

left visual field

   

social environment

 

 

Question 23

2 / 2 pts

Generally, research has shown that animals reared in an enriched environment are ________ when compared to those reared in a more sterile environment.

  

more aggressive

   

more fearful

   

more intelligent

   

less aggressive

 

 

Question 24

2 / 2 pts

In general, it seems a main function of the reticular activating system (RAS) is to:

  

provide a mechanism for memory

   

prepare higher centers of the brain to receive and act upon information from the environment

   

keep the organism awake during a learning experience

   

provide equipotentiality of brain functions

 

 

Question 25

2 / 2 pts

Many of the functions related to speech are found in:

  

the left cerebral hemisphere

   

the RAS

   

the right cerebral hemisphere

   

the hippocampus

 

 

Question 26

2 / 2 pts

Hebb argues that sports, TV, movies and paperback thrillers are reinforcing because:

  

humans need successful persons with whom to identify in order to overcome their innate feelings of inferiority

   

they provide a distraction from intolerable threat and anxiety over which humans have no control

   

they excite people, increase their level of arousal and reduce boredom

   

they provide socially safe outlets for destructive impulses

 

 

Question 27

2 / 2 pts

Nicotine, alcohol, cocaine, and heroin are addictive substances that seem to cause the stimulation of nucleus accumbens dopamine.

  

True

   

False

 

 

Question 28

2 / 2 pts

Kandel and his associates have demonstrated that habituation in Aplysia is the result of:

  

active inhibition by a modulatory interneuron

   

a decrease in neurotransmitter output by a sensory neuron

   

long-term potentiation

   

a process that provides as good model for Hebb's notion of recruitment

 

Question 29

2 / 2 pts

------------------- refers to the loss of memory for those events just prior to a traumatic          experience.

  

consolidation effect

   

ECS

   

the hippocampus effect (HE)

   

retrograde amnesia

 

 

Question 30

2 / 2 pts

Lashley’s principle of Equipotentiality states that:

  

one part of the cortex can take over from an injured part.

   

loss in the ability to learn or remember is proportional to the amount of cortical destruction

   

the disruption of learning caused by the cortical destruction is related to the complexity of the learning task

   

all of these

 

 

Question 31

2 / 2 pts

Which of the following is not a characteristic of reinforcement by direct brain stimulation?

  

does not satiate

   

extinguishes very slowly

   

performance is poor when intervals between reinforcements are long

   

reinforcement effects interact with drive state

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 32

0 / 2 pts

According to Hebb, if a cell assembly is stimulated, one experiences:

  

an idea

   

a stream of thought

   

an emotion

   

none of the above

 

 

Question 33

2 / 2 pts

Electroconvulsive shock has what effect on memory?

  

increases and sharpens memories for recent learning especially those immediately prior       to the shock

   

prevents retention of information immediately preceding the shock

   

wipes out early memories (childhood) while leaving recent memories intact

   

has little or no effect on memory

 

 

Question 34

2 / 2 pts

In order to become active, NMDA receptors

  

must be stimulated by norepinephrine

   

must be stimulated at the same time as non-NMDA receptor

   

must be stimulated by LTP

   

must be stimulated by spectrin

 

 

Question 35

2 / 2 pts

Seligman suggest that some species learn a task more easily than other species because

  

reinforcement principles only apply to mammals

   

only some species experience drive and drive reduction

   

larger mammals have larger brains and thus learn more readily

   

they are biologically prepared to do so

 

 

Question 36

2 / 2 pts

“Fitness” is defined in terms of

  

greater physical fitness

   

reproduction

   

longer lifespan

   

adaptation

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 37

0 / 2 pts

Öhman and his colleagues found that fear responses to snake stimuli could be conditioned:

  

only when participants were snake phobic

   

only when participants could detect the CS (snake stimulus)

   

only if the participants were predisposed to have general phobias

   

even when participants could not detect the CS (snake stimulus)

 

 

Question 38

2 / 2 pts

According to Bolles, classical conditioning involves learning        associations and instrumental conditioning involves learning         associations.

  

R–R ; R–O

   

S–R ; S–S

   

O–O ; S–O

   

S–S ; R–S

 

 

Question 39

2 / 2 pts

According to Hamilton’s Rule, who are we most likely to help?

  

our children

   

female relatives

   

our spouse(s)

   

individuals who can help us in return

 

 

Question 40

2 / 2 pts

Bolles uses the concept of SSDR to account for behavior during

  

instrumental conditioning

   

classical conditioning

   

operant conditioning

   

escape/avoidance conditioning

 

 

Question 41

2 / 2 pts

According to the empirical principle of equipotentiality,

  

laws of learning apply equally to all species

   

different parts of the brain learn the same thing in different ways

   

different species have different learning predispositions

   

reinforcement operates similarly in all species

 

 

Question 42

2 / 2 pts

Buss found that males place more value than do females on          when selecting a mate.

  

dominance

   

resources

   

physical appearance

   

fidelity

 

 

Question 43

2 / 2 pts

Most species can develop learned food aversions to

  

flavor cues

   

shape–appearance cues

   

color cues

   

any cue can become a cue for learned food aversions

 

 

Question 44

2 / 2 pts

According to Bolles, what kind of learning is most flexible?

  

escape learning

   

S–R learning

   

instrumental conditioning

   

S–S learning

 

 

Question 45

2 / 2 pts

Bolles’s Niche Argument states that in order to understand learning we must understand

  

that every organism finds its special learning niche

   

that laws of learning apply equally to all species

   

the biological niche in which an organism evolved

   

the reinforcement contingincies under which an organism is behaving

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 46

0 / 2 pts

When an adaptation is co-opted for an unrelated but often useful purpose, it is called

  

an exaptation

   

listers

   

a spandrel

   

derivation

 

 

Question 47

2 / 2 pts

According to Evolutionary Psychologists, people develop phobias because

  

of repressed conflicts

   

it is adaptive to learn to fear certain kinds of stimuli

   

phobias lead to greater reproduction rates

   

classical conditioning occurs even in non–adaptive contexts

 

 

Question 48

2 / 2 pts

A beneficial side-effect of a specific adaptation is called

  

a spandrel

   

a retraptation

   

an exaptation

   

a co–option

 

 

Question 49

2 / 2 pts

According to Bolles, SSDRs are elicited by

  

any CS

   

only unconditioned stimuli

   

CSs with emotional significance

   

pain or warnings of pain

 

 

IncorrectQuestion 50

0 / 2 pts

The belief that natural events or substances are naturally good is

  

Hamliton’s Rule

   

the naturalistic fallacy

   

nothing butism

   

the nominal fallacy