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Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 2 / 2 pts The term “Genetic Epistemology” refers to: the contribution of inheritance to intellectual ability the fact that some kinds of knowledge are genetically determined developmental intelligence the slow development of a cognitive map Question 2 2 / 2 pts Equilibration refers to: the increased tendency to rely more and more on mental operations the innate need for balance between the organism and its environment the realization that number, length, substance, or area has not changed although it may be presented in a number of different ways developmental intelligence Question 3 2 / 2 pts Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with: beauty the nature of knowledge the relationship between science and religion the relationship between biology and intelligence Question 4 2 / 2 pts “All learning depends on failure
Question 1
2 / 2 pts
The term “Genetic Epistemology” refers to:
the contribution of inheritance to intellectual ability
the fact that some kinds of knowledge are genetically determined
developmental intelligence
the slow development of a cognitive map
2 / 2 pts
Equilibration refers to:
the increased tendency to rely more and more on mental operations
the innate need for balance between the organism and its environment
the realization that number, length, substance, or area has not changed although it may be presented in a number of different ways
developmental intelligence
2 / 2 pts
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with:
beauty
the nature of knowledge
the relationship between science and religion
the relationship between biology and intelligence
2 / 2 pts
“All learning depends on failure.” This statement describes what Dollard and Miller called:
frustrative nonreinforcement
the learning dilemma
the frustration effect
a vicious circle
2 / 2 pts
A child saying all men are “Daddy,” represents which of the following kinds of logic:
transductive
inductive
deductive
syllogistic
2 / 2 pts
Piaget …
was a strong advocate for instruction.
believed education must be individualized
is easily categorized as a reinforcement theorist, a contingency theorist, or a contiguity theorist.
all of the above
2 / 2 pts
The stage of intellectual development where conservation first appears is:
formal operations
concrete operations
sensorimotor stage
period of intuitive thought
2 / 2 pts
The highest stage of intellectual development is:
concrete operations
sensorimotor stage
period of intuitive thought
formal operations
2 / 2 pts
Reversibility means that once something is thought, it can be:
thought of again
forgotten
unthought
acted upon
2 / 2 pts
Interiorization is the process by which adaptive actions become increasingly covert rather than overt.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
“Children at this stage are egocentric. Everything is seen with themselves as a frame of reference and their psychological world is the only one that exists.”
formal operations
concrete operations
preoperational thinking
sensorimotor
2 / 2 pts
If a child can first add 10 and 3 making a total of 13, and then mentally subtract 3 from 13 making a total of 10, the child has demonstrated:
reversibility of thought
maturity
that he is at the sensorimotor stage of development
the Law of Pragnanz
2 / 2 pts
According to Piaget’s theory, the most important characteristic of any operation is that it is:
innate
interiorized
reversible
functionally invariant
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following is a functional invariant?
assimilation
accommodation
both 1 and 2
none of the above
0 / 2 pts
Piaget’s major motivational concept was:
interiorization
assimilation
accommodation
equilibration
2 / 2 pts
Piaget and his colleagues found that although mental abilities appear around a certain age level, some children show the ability earlier and some later than other children.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
According to Piaget, learning will be optimal if the material presented is:
not too easy
not too hard
completely understood by the students
both 1 and 2
0 / 2 pts
Tolman and his colleagues found that when a rat was forced to take a relatively long route to a goal but was able to see the goal, and was later given the opportunity to choose any route to the goal, it would tend to choose:
. the same route it was trained on
an even longer route than the one it was forced to take originally
the most direct route to the goal
the route pointing to the place in the room where it had been fed in its home cage
2 / 2 pts
Tolman’s greatest contributions, however, lie less in specific research findings and more in his role as an antagonist against the dominance of Hullian neobehaviorism.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
Tolman and his colleagues found that:
place learning is easier for rats than response learning
response.learning is easier for rats than place learning
place learning is easy for humans but difficult for rats
response.learning is easy for humans but difficult for rats
2 / 2 pts
Tolman was an eclectic theorist.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
The acronym “HATE” summarizes Tolman’s ---------------------- variables.
independent
individual difference
intervening
dependent
0 / 2 pts
The term in Tolman’s system that is most similar to reinforcement is:
confirmation
cathexis
expectancy
means-end readiness
2 / 2 pts
If, after a cognitive map has been formed, a commonly used means of obtaining food is blocked, the organism will:
revert to trial and error behavior
become hyperactive thus increasing the probability of discovering an alternative route to the food
simply take an alternative route to the food
resort to vicarious trial and error (VTE)
2 / 2 pts
In Tolman’s theory, the distinction between learning and performance is:
not made
made but not important
made and is very important
not made but should be
2 / 2 pts
Tolman’s position is most closely associated with which of the following?
Gestalt psychology
structuralism
behavior motivation
peripheralism
0 / 2 pts
Tolman’s explanation for extinction was radically different from those of Skinner and Hull because Tolman’s explanation did not refer to:
nonreinforced performance
the importance of observation
the revision of expectations
latent extinction
2 / 2 pts
For Tolman, intervening variables were:
measures of performance
theoretical terms
very general kinds of variables
manipulated by the subjects
0 / 2 pts
For Tolman, drive was important for:
learning
performance
both 1 and 2
none of the above
2 / 2 pts
Tolman’s findings concerning place learning indicated that:
the learner moves from start to goal in a fixed pattern
the learner “knows” where the goal is and will vary his behavior as the conditions change
the learner finds his way using the habit family hierarchy
the learner finds his way by kinestheic cues
2 / 2 pts
Tolman was called an S-S rather than an S-R theorist.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
Tolman called pausing and looking around at the choice point in a maze for rates----------------.
trial and error
ends to a means
recall of maze
vicarious trial and error
2 / 2 pts
Maintenance schedule is related to which of the following intervening variables?
sensory differentiation
appetite
demand
the learning of sign Gestalts
2 / 2 pts
Gestalt psychology can be thought of as an attempt to apply field theory from physics to the problems of psychology.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following best describes what Wertheimer felt characterizes a true solution to a problem?
understanding
a correct response
knowing the elements making up a problem
the absence of emotional involvement
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following constitutes the Gestaltist’s explanation as to why we experience a partial circle as a complete circle?
our experience is dominated by the trace system of “circleness”
unique events are remembered in terms of something familiar
the process set up by the incomplete circle dominates the trace system related to circles
we do not have a verbal label for incomplete circles so we simply call them “circles”
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following describes epiphenomenalism?
the body influences the mind and the mind influences the body
the contents of the mind vary as a function of sensory experience
the activities of the brain correspond dynamically to the content of thought
consciousness occurs independent of sensory experience
2 / 2 pts
The Gestalt psychologists felt that the proper object of study for psychology should be:
overt behavior
habits
unconscious experience
phenomenological experience
2 / 2 pts
“Psychological organization will always be as good as the controlling circumstances allow” is a description of:
the law of perceptual simplicity
the law of Pragnanz
the principle of constancies
isomorphism
0 / 2 pts
According to the Gestalt theorists, which of the following would be most influential in determining what would be remembered from an experience?
the experience itself
the process triggered by the experience
the trace system that developed from numerous similar experiences
the memory trace of the experience
2 / 2 pts
The Gestalters linked the past with the present through their concept of:
insight
transposition
perceptual constancies
memory trace
2 / 2 pts
For the Gestalists, reinforcement was ---------- and came when the learner gained an insight into the solution of the problem.
good
intrinsic
transposition
extrinsic
0 / 2 pts
According to Wertheimer, the best solution to a problem involves seeing the ---------------- involved in the problem.
elements
logic
principles
associations
2 / 2 pts
Research on various aspects of-------------, however, has demonstrated that both S-R and Gestalt predictions fail under certain circumstances, and the matter is still unsettled.
transposition
closure
proximity
simplicity
2 / 2 pts
Molercular behavior refers to a large segment of behavior that is goal-directed and purposive, and molar behavior refers to a small segment of behavior, such as a conditioned reflex, that is isolated for analysis.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
---------------------are attempting to locate the brain mechanisms that generate insight.
Gestaltists
Behavioral psychologists
Cognitive neuroscientists
Cognitive psychologists
2 / 2 pts
According to Gestaltists, the melody emanating from an orchestra has a(n) ------------------ which is something different from the various notes being played by the various musicians.
emergent quality
pleasantness
isomorphism
transposition
2 / 2 pts
According to Lewin, the total number of “psychological facts” influencing a person at any given moment constitutes that person’s:
habit family hierarchy
trace system
operant level
life space
2 / 2 pts
Spence’s explanation of transposition relied heavily on which of the following concepts?
insightful learning
the Law of Pragnanz
generalization
cognitive disequilibrium
2 / 2 pts
The Gestalt-oriented classroom would be characterized by a give-and-take relationship between students and teacher.
True
False
