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Homework answers / question archive / Question 1 0 / 2 pts According to Timberlake, response or activity deprivation produces motivation negative reinforcement unfortunate emotional by-products instinctual drift Question 2 2 / 2 pts Autoshaping seems to be best explained as: superstitious behavior the release of innate response tendencies classical conditioning operant conditioning Question 3 2 / 2 pts The reinforcement schedule in which the administration of a reinforcement follows a response occurring some definite time period after the previous reinforcement is called a: fixed interval schedule fixed reinforcement schedule fixed ratio schedule fixed response schedule Question 4 2 / 2 pts Herrnstein’s Equation is a mathematical expression that: describes a learning curve for one operant behavior predicts the effects of various reinforcements describes complex choice behavior predicts the Matching Law Question 5 2 / 2 pts Which of the following procedures would give reinforcement every fourth trial? fixed ratio fixed interval fixed duration variable interval Question 6 2 / 2 pts Which of the following develops through noncontingent reinforcement? superstitious behavior shaping extinction chaining Question 7 2 / 2 pts Whereas --------------------- schedules of reinforcement are used to investigate simple choice behavior, ----------------- schedules are used to investigate complex choice behavior
Question 1
0 / 2 pts
According to Timberlake, response or activity deprivation produces
motivation
negative reinforcement
unfortunate emotional by-products
instinctual drift
2 / 2 pts
Autoshaping seems to be best explained as:
superstitious behavior
the release of innate response tendencies
classical conditioning
operant conditioning
2 / 2 pts
The reinforcement schedule in which the administration of a reinforcement follows a response occurring some definite time period after the previous reinforcement is called a:
fixed interval schedule
fixed reinforcement schedule
fixed ratio schedule
fixed response schedule
2 / 2 pts
Herrnstein’s Equation is a mathematical expression that:
describes a learning curve for one operant behavior
predicts the effects of various reinforcements
describes complex choice behavior
predicts the Matching Law
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following procedures would give reinforcement every fourth trial?
fixed ratio
fixed interval
fixed duration
variable interval
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following develops through noncontingent reinforcement?
superstitious behavior
shaping
extinction
chaining
2 / 2 pts
Whereas --------------------- schedules of reinforcement are used to investigate simple choice behavior, ----------------- schedules are used to investigate complex choice behavior.
fixed ratio ..... variable ratio
concurrent-chain ..... concurrent
concurrent ..... concurrent-chain
fixed interval ...... variable interval
2 / 2 pts
The rate at which a response occurs before reinforcement is introduced is referred to as:
noncontingent activity
spontaneous activity
the operant level
shaping
2 / 2 pts
According to Skinner, the best way to discourage undesirable behavior is to ------------ it.
punish
reinforce
shock
ignore
2 / 2 pts
A cue indicating which response is appropriate:
all of the above
becomes a secondary reinforcer
is a SD
is a discriminative stimulus
2 / 2 pts
Slot machines are based upon which schedule of reinforcement?
variable interval
continuous
fixed interval
variable ratio
2 / 2 pts
Whose name is associated with the concept of the “relativity of reinforcement “?
David Premack
Noam Chomsky
William Estes
Edward Thorndike
2 / 2 pts
The relative rate with which responses are made, equals or almost equals the relative rate with which responses are reinforced. This statement summarizes the:
partial information effect
misbehavior of organisms
matching law
Premack Principle
2 / 2 pts
On a cumulative recording, the slope of the line indicates:
rate of responding
what kind of response is being made
schedule of reinforcement
when a response is not being made
2 / 2 pts
Skinner’s main argument against the use of punishment was that it:
is evil
causes aggression
is too effective
is ineffective in the long run
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following is similar to the game of “you’re hot, you’re cold”?
chaining
extinction
operant conditioning
shaping
2 / 2 pts
According to Pavlov, physical stimuli that precede biologically significant events and thus allow for their anticipation are referred to as:
reciprocal induction
the second signal system
the first signal system
dynamic stereotypes
2 / 2 pts
Using the method of --------------------, the CS eliciting undesirable behavior is paired with a US other than the one that reinforces undesirable behavior
extinction
flooding
systematic desensitization
counterconditioning
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following exemplifies an unconditioned stimulus?
a blinking light
a soft tone
a buzzer
a painful electric shock
0 / 2 pts
Pavlov considered his work pertinent to discovery of basic nervous system functions and was unaware that his work was relevant to the development of learning theory in the United States until the early 1980s.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
Ader and his colleagues have demonstrated classical conditioning in
the immune system
bacteria
sea mollusks
green plants
0 / 2 pts
In the Garcia and Koelling experiment, which of the following became associated with shock?
nausea
pain
bright, noisy water
saccharin solution
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following becomes a secondary reinforcer in classical conditioning?
CR
UR
US
CS
2 / 2 pts
Pavlov referred to stimuli that signal biologically significant events as the:
first signal
symbols
reinforcers
conditioned stimuli
0 / 2 pts
The opposite of generalization is:
irradiation
extinction
discrimination
conditioning
2 / 2 pts
What is a problem in explaining the development of taste aversions as a classical conditioning phenomenon?
all of the above
such aversions are highly resistant to extinction
sometimes such aversions develop in one trial
the CS-US interval is too long
2 / 2 pts
When a CR has been extinguished, it will often reappear if the animal is re-exposed to the original US. This is called:
the reminiscence effect
the renewal effect
the reinstatement effect
the reminder effect
0 / 2 pts
Which of the following exemplifies an conditioned response?
your mouth watering when you bite a lemon
withdrawing from a painful stimulus
squinting at the bright sun as you leave a movie theater in the middle of the afternoon
your mouth watering because it’s dinner time
2 / 2 pts
Rescorla (1966) found that no conditioning occurs when:
there is no correlation between the CS and the US
a CS reliably predicts the US
a CS reliably predicts the absence of the US
more than one of the above
0 / 2 pts
If a 1600 cycle per second tone is used as a CS during conditioning, it will be found that during a test for generalization, the CR of greatest magnitude will be given to a tone of -------------------- cycles per second.
1600
2600
2000
800
0 / 2 pts
Which of the following symbolizes the procedure used to develop classical conditioning?
US ------> CS ------> UR
CS ------> US ------> UR
UR ------> US ------>CS
US ------> UR ------> CS
2 / 2 pts
In the study by Garcia and Koelling, which of the following became associated with nausea?
saccharin solution
bright, noisy water
shock
pain
0 / 2 pts
According to Kamin, conditioning continues as long as,
the organism attends to the US
the US will support additional conditioning
the organism is surprised by the occurrence of the US
a CS is paired with a US
2 / 2 pts
According to Guthrie, students learn:
only that material that supports their biases
what a book or lecture causes them to do
only that which is challenging
what is in a book or lecture
2 / 2 pts
There is a difference between breaking a habit and sidetracking a habit.
True
False
2 / 2 pts
According to Guthrie, the effectiveness of punishment is determined by:
how much pain is involved
whether or not the organism understands the relationship between its behavior and the punishment
emotional factors
what it causes an organism to do and when it causes it to do it
0 / 2 pts
Punishment should do the following:
be used as the disruptive behavior is occurring
two of the above
cause a new association to be formed
product undesirable behavior
2 / 2 pts
According to Guthrie, if you want to learn how to fill out tax forms you should:
all of the above
study any difficult topic and you will be better able to perform on any number of difficult tasks
fill out tax forms
study mathematics
2 / 2 pts
Guthrie’s position on transfer was:
energy in the brain spills over to neighboring areas and generalizes
all of the above
transfer occurs continuously
it happens in new situations because of similarity to an old situation
2 / 2 pts
What explains Guthrie's lack of theoretical experimentation?
Principles of learning were stated in terms that were too general to be tested easily.
theory minimized the roles of motivation and reinforcement, the two components of most other learning theories in the 1930s and 1940s that stimulated most of the research associated with them.
All choices are reasons
Theses and dissertations of graduate students, which were often used to test other theories experimentally, were not available.
Page 209
2 / 2 pts
According to Guthrie, which of the following had no meaning?
insight
All of the above
thinking
understanding
2 / 2 pts
Guthrie would advise a student to
use the threshold method for studying
study in the room where the exam will occur
sidetrack the exam habit
take a “diversity break” before an exam
2 / 2 pts
“The last thing done in the presence of a stimulus combination will be that which will be done when the stimulus combination next occurs” was Guthrie’s:
principle of polarity
principle of response by analogy
recency principle
principle of generalization
2 / 2 pts
Who was able to develop a diverse body of theory and research that extended into the 1990s by using the basic ingredients of Guthrie’s position.
Robert D. Thorndike
William K. Estes
Ivan Pavlov
Jacie K. Horton
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following best summarizes Guthrie’s theory of learning?
reinforcement and punishment
contiguity and one trial learning
classical conditioning and introspection
trial and error learning and associative shifting
0 / 2 pts
A student has forgotten an answer to a test question. According to Guthrie:
this indicates that the student never really learned the correct response
a new pattern of response has been learned and is interfering with the correct response - comprehensive
lack of reinforced repetition has eliminated the answer from the student’s mind
the student’s competence is questionable
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following is correctly arranged from most complex to least complex?
acts, movements, skills
movements, skills, acts
skills, acts, movements
movements, acts, skills
2 / 2 pts
The essence of Guthrie’s theory is:
responses are learned in one trial when there is contingency between stimulus and response
the number of pairings of stimulus and response determines degree of learning
trial and error learning
all of the above
2 / 2 pts
Maintaining stimuli that keep the organism active until a goal is reached is provided by
drives
egocentrism
emotions
intentions
2 / 2 pts
Which of the following can be used to break a habit?
retroactive inhibition method
formulation of expectancies method
compatible response method
threshold method
Quiz Score: 80 out of 100
