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Electron Drawing Tips: Each orbit must be full before electrons can be drawn in higher orbits

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Electron Drawing Tips: Each orbit must be full before electrons can be drawn in higher orbits. The first 4 electrons are drawn equally spaced (except in the first orbit), then paired up. Electrons in the first orbit are drawn alone or paired at the top of the orbit. Lewis Dot Diagrams Valence electrons are the electrons found only in the of the Bohr-Rutherford diagram. These electrons determine many of the of an element. Drawing Lewis Dot Diagrams: Step 1: Determine the number of valence electrons by using the element's group number on the periodic table. Step 2: Write the chemical symbol for the element. Step 3: Draw dots around the symbol to represent the valence electrons. These follow the same placement rules as Bohr-Rutherford diagrams. Example: Group 1 Group 2 Group 13 Group 14 Group 15 Group 16 Group 17 Group 18 Electron Arrangement and Stability Ators can gain or lose electrons to have a full outer orbit of 8 electrons. This Noble Gas arrangement is the most stable. Exception: Hydrogen and Helium will only have two electrons in their most stable arrangement. on: particles formed when an atom or one or more lons have unequal numbers of protons and electrons, so they are no longer neutral Metals electrons to form ions (cations) Nonmetals electrons to form ions (anions) Ionic Charge: the sum of the ion's positive and negative charges Example: Sodium Chlorine

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams Subatomic Particles Atorns are composed of three smaller particles: Protons - charged particles found in the Remember: Neutrons particles (no charge) found in the Remember: Electrons charged particles that the nucleus What makes elements different? atomic Atomic Number: the number of an atom contains number The number of protons is different for every on the H periodic table. Elements are arranged by their 1.008 atomic Atomic Mass: the total number of AND in an atom weight Electrons weigh almost nothing so they don't count in the mass To determine what an atom of each element looks like, we need to know how many protons, neutrons and electrons there are: Number of protons = atomic number Number of electrons = number of protons Number of neutrons = atomic mass - atomic number Drawing Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams Step 1: Determine the number of protons, neutrons and electrons using the atomic number and mass number Example: Nitrogen Step 2: Draw a small circle to represent the nucleus. Write the n' = number of protons and neutrons inside. Step 3: Draw 1-4 concentric circles outside the nucleus. The number of circles needed is equal to the period number of the element. Step 4: Draw dots on the circles to represent electrons. Each orbit can hold a specific number of electrons: 1"