1)Below is a more detailed description of each phases in the business cycle:

#1 Expansion

The first stage in the business cycle is expansion. In this stage, there is an increase in positive economic indicators such as employment, income, output, wages, profits, demand, and supply of goods and services. Debtors are generally paying their debts on time, the velocity of the money supply is high, and investment is high. This process continues as long as economic conditions are favorable for expansion.

#2 Peak

The economy then reaches a saturation point, or peak, which is the second stage of the business cycle. The maximum limit of growth is attained. The economic indicators do not grow further and are at their highest. Prices are at their peak. This stage marks the reversal point in the trend of economic growth. Consumers tend to restructure their budgets at this point.

#3 Recession

The recession is the stage that follows the peak phase. The demand for goods and services starts declining rapidly and steadily in this phase. Producers do not notice the decrease in demand instantly and go on producing, which creates a situation of excess supply in the market. Prices tend to fall. All positive economic indicators such as income, output, wages, etc., consequently start to fall.

#4 Depression

There is a commensurate rise in unemployment. The growth in the economy continues to decline, and as this falls below the steady growth line, the stage is called depression.

#5 Trough

In the depression stage, the economy’s growth rate becomes negative. There is further decline until the prices of factors, as well as the demand and supply of goods and services, reach their lowest point. The economy eventually reaches the trough. It is the negative saturation point for an economy. There is extensive depletion of national income and expenditure.

#6 Recovery

After this stage, the economy comes to the stage of recovery. In this phase, there is a turnaround from the trough and the economy starts recovering from the negative growth rate. Demand starts to pick up due to the lowest prices and, consequently, supply starts reacting, too. The economy develops a positive attitude towards investment and employment and production starts increasing.

Employment begins to rise and, due to accumulated cash balances with the bankers, lending also shows positive signals. In this phase, depreciated capital is replaced by producers, leading to new investments in the production process.

Recovery continues until the economy returns to steady growth levels. It completes one full business cycle of boom and contraction. The extreme points are the peak and the trough.

Output gaps are represented by the difference between actual output. During an expansion, the business cycle line is above the growth trend. During a recession, the business cycle is below the growth trend.

Investment cycle covers the period, usually spanning several business cycles, from the time of the Investment until the point where it stops generating cash flows. It includes Capital expenditures, disposals of Fixed assets, and changes in long-term Investments.

B) Despite the importance of business cycle analysis, currently there is no specific software containing all the techniques that could be used for the purposes of diagnosis of the cyclical behavior of the economy. In this paper we
present the most widely used techniques for business cycle analysis along with a software review linking together theo-retical and computational problems. We focus on two main
views of the business cycle, the classical and the growth cy-cle views. Moreover we present the main applications based
on aggregated data for the Eurozone.

The short run is a concept that states that, within a certain period in the future, at least one input is fixed while others are variable. In economics, it expresses the idea that an economy behaves differently depending on the length of time it has to react to certain stimuli. The short run does not refer to a specific duration of time but rather is unique to the firm, industry or economic variable being studied. A key principle guiding the concept of The long-run is a period of time in which all factors of production and costs are variable. In the long run, firms are able to adjust all costs, whereas, in the short run, firms are only able to influence prices through adjustments made to production levels. Additionally, while a firm may be a monopoly in the short term, they may expect competition in the long run. short run and the long run is that in the short run, firms face both variable and fixed costs, which means that output, wages, and prices do not have full freedom to reach a new equilibrium. Equilibrium refers to a point in which opposing forces are balanced.

C)Australia's economy has plunged into its first recession in nearly 30 years, as it suffers the economic fallout from the coronavirus.

Gross domestic product (GDP) shrank 7% in the April-to-June quarter compared to the previous three months.

This is the biggest fall since records began back in 1959 and comes after a fall of 0.3% in the first quarter.

An economy is considered to be in recession if it sees two consecutive quarters of negative growth.

Australia was the only major economy to avoid a recession during the 2008 global financial crisis - mainly due to demand from China for its natural resources.

The output of an economy usually increases over time. However, growth in economic output fluctuates, forming a ‘business cycle’ in which there are peaks and troughs in economic activity. In the trough of a business cycle, output growth can be weak or negative. This usually results in job losses and an increase in the unemployment rate. While there is no single definition of recession, it is generally agreed that a recession occurs when there is a period of reduced output and a significant increase in the unemployment rate. Views differ about how to best identify this. Recessions inflict great hardship on households and businesses, and they can have long-lasting effects on both society and the economy. Consequently, central banks and other policymakers try to reduce the frequency and severity of recessions.This Explainer describes the nature of the business cycle and discusses different approaches to identifying a recession. It also summarises some of the recessions that have occurred in Australia and the consequences of recessions.

please see the attached file.

2)

Answer

Option B .Population growth through free access to all forms of birthh control

3)

In my opinion, the answer is option (c).

ICOR generally increases with trade liberalisation because of the increase of foreign investments in the domestic country. And thereby, it increases the growth rate too. Less capital intensive implies that labour has become cheaper but this factor of production will still contribute to the growth and investment.

4)

Mobility refer to the having a disease and symptoms of a disease and amount of disease within a population.

Correct answer is A.

Incidence of disease that is a particular disease in a population.